Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Involucrin is a protein component of human skin and in humans is encoded by the IVL gene .[ 5] [ 6] loricrin , involucrin contributes to the formation of a cell envelope that protects corneocytes in the skin.
This gene is mapped to 1q21, among calpactin I light chain, trichohyalin , profillaggrin , loricrin , and calcyclin .[ 6]
Involucrin is a highly reactive, soluble, transglutaminase substrate protein present in keratinocytes of epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia .[ 7] [ 8] cell cytosol , but ultimately becomes cross-linked to membrane proteins by transglutaminase thus helping in the formation of an insoluble envelope beneath the plasma membrane functioning as a glutamyl donor during assembly of the cornified envelope.[ 9]
Involucrin is synthesised in the stratum spinosum and cross linked in the stratum granulosum by the transglutaminase enzyme that makes it highly stable. Thus it provides structural support to the cell, thereby allowing the cell to resist invasion by micro-organisms.[citation needed
Apigenin , a plant-derived flavanoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent, has been found to regulate normal human keratinocyte differentiation by suppressing involucrin, and this is associated with reduced cell proliferation without apoptosis .[ 10]
Clinical significance [ edit ] As one of the precursor proteins of the cornified cell envelope , involucrin is markedly increased in inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis[ 11]
Lamellar ichthyosis involves a decrease in expression of involucrin. This decrease could contribute to the altered desquamation process seen in the disease, since the clinical improvement associated with retinoid treatment is accompanied by increased expression of involucrin.[ 12]
Involucrin consists of a conserved N-terminal region of about 75 amino acid residues followed by two extremely variable length segments that contain glutamine -rich tandem repeats . The glutamine residues in the tandem repeats are the substrate for the transglutaminase in the cross-linking reaction. The total size of the protein varies from 285 residues (in dog ) to 835 residues (in orangutan ).[citation needed
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163207 – Ensembl , May 2017^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000049128 – Ensembl , May 2017^ "Human PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ Eckert RL, Green H (August 1986). "Structure and evolution of the human involucrin gene". Cell . 46 (4): 583–9. doi :10.1016/0092-8674(86)90884-6 . PMID 2873896 . S2CID 39293076 . ^ a b "Entrez Gene: IVL involucrin" .^ Green H, Djian P (November 1992). "Consecutive actions of different gene-altering mechanisms in the evolution of involucrin" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 9 (6): 977–1017. doi :10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040775 PMID 1359382 . ^ Djian P, Phillips M, Easley K, Huang E, Simon M, Rice RH, Green H (November 1993). "The involucrin genes of the mouse and the rat: study of their shared repeats" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 10 (6): 1136–49. doi :10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040069 PMID 8277848 . ^ Eckert RL, Yaffe MB, Crish JF, Murthy S, Rorke EA, Welter JF (May 1993). "Involucrin--structure and role in envelope assembly" . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology . 100 (5): 613–7. doi :10.1111/1523-1747.ep12472288 PMID 8098344 . ^ Balasubramanian S, Zhu L, Eckert RL (November 2006). "Apigenin inhibition of involucrin gene expression is associated with a specific reduction in phosphorylation of protein kinase Cdelta Tyr311" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 281 (47): 36162–72. doi :10.1074/jbc.M605368200 PMID 16982614 . ^ Takahashi H, Hashimoto Y, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Iizuka H (September 2005). "Roxithromycin suppresses involucrin expression by modulation of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB activities of keratinocytes". Journal of Dermatological Science . 39 (3): 175–82. doi :10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.03.006 . PMID 16140218 . ^ Peña-Penabad C, de Unamuno P, García Silva J, Ludeña MD, González Sarmiento R, Pérez-Arellano JL (1999). "Altered expression of immunoreactive involucrin in lamellar ichthyosis" . European Journal of Dermatology . 9 (3): 197–201. PMID 10210784 .
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"The glutamine residues reactive in transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking of involucrin" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 263 (34): 18093–8. doi :10.1016/S0021-9258(19)81327-3 PMID 2461365 . Heller M, Flemington E, Kieff E, Deininger P (March 1985). "Repeat arrays in cellular DNA related to the Epstein-Barr virus IR3 repeat" . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 5 (3): 457–65. doi :10.1128/mcb.5.3.457 . PMC 366737 PMID 2985954 . Welter JF, Crish JF, Agarwal C, Eckert RL (May 1995). "Fos-related antigen (Fra-1), junB, and junD activate human involucrin promoter transcription by binding to proximal and distal AP1 sites to mediate phorbol ester effects on promoter activity" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 270 (21): 12614–22. doi :10.1074/jbc.270.21.12614 PMID 7759510 . Volz A, Korge BP, Compton JG, Ziegler A, Steinert PM, Mischke D (October 1993). "Physical mapping of a functional cluster of epidermal differentiation genes on chromosome 1q21". Genomics . 18 (1): 92–9. doi :10.1006/geno.1993.1430 . PMID 8276421 . Takahashi H, Iizuka H (January 1993). "Analysis of the 5'-upstream promoter region of human involucrin gene: activation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology . 100 (1): 10–5. doi :10.1111/1523-1747.ep12349867 PMID 8380829 . Lopez-Bayghen E, Vega A, Cadena A, Granados SE, Jave LF, Gariglio P, Alvarez-Salas LM (January 1996). "Transcriptional analysis of the 5'-noncoding region of the human involucrin gene" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 271 (1): 512–20. doi :10.1074/jbc.271.1.512 PMID 8550612 . Takahashi H, Kobayashi H, Matsuo S, Iizuka H (1995). "Repression of involucrin gene expression by transcriptional enhancer factor 1 (TEF-1)". Archives of Dermatological Research . 287 (8): 740–6. doi :10.1007/BF01105799 . PMID 8554386 . S2CID 23203303 . Steinert PM, Marekov LN (January 1997). 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