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John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset

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The Duke of Somerset
Arms of Beaufort, Earls and Dukes of Somerset: Royal arms of England differenced by a bordure gobonne argent and azure
Earl of Somerset
PredecessorHenry Beaufort, 2nd Earl
SuccessorEdmund Beaufort, 4th Earl, 2nd Duke
Died(1444-05-27)27 May 1444 (aged 40)
Noble familyBeaufort
Spouse(s)Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso
IssueMargaret Beaufort
FatherJohn Beaufort, 1st Earl
MotherMargaret Holland, Countess of Somerset

John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, KG (1403 – 27 May 1444) was an English nobleman and military commander.[1]

Family

Baptised on 25 March 1404, he was the second son of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, and Margaret Holland, and succeeded his childless elder brother Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset, to become the 3rd Earl of Somerset in 1418. He was also the 1st Earl of Kendal.

French Campaign

The young earl fought in his cousin[2] Henry V's 1419 campaigns in France. In 1421, he accompanied the king's younger brother Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, to the fighting in Anjou. Thomas was killed at the Battle of Baugé, while Somerset and his younger brother were captured. On 25 March 1425, Somerset came into his majority, but the estates of his father had to be managed by his mother for the next thirteen years until he was released from imprisonment.

He remained imprisoned until 1438, and after being ransomed, became one of the leading English commanders in France.[3]

Duke of Somerset: a soldier

The heraldic achievement of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, KG, as shown on his Garter stall plate St. George's Chapel, Windsor. It is the earliest garter plate with supporters.[4] The badge of an ostrich feather, here shown as a pair, is blazoned: feather argent pen gobonne argent and azure

In 1443, John was created Duke of Somerset and Earl of Kendal, made a Knight of the Garter, and appointed Captain-General of Guyenne. He married Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso in 1439. He presided over a period during which England lost much territory in France, and he proved a poor commander. Humphrey, 1st Duke of Gloucester, the Regent for the young King Henry VI, was unable to control the administration of justice and finance, which led to widespread lawlessness. At the beginning of the second protectorate of Richard, Duke of York, Gloucester declined the post of Lieutenant-Governor, which was offered instead to Somerset. From this post, he drew a salary of 600 pounds and was Lieutenant-General for war even after York's appointment on 2 July 1440.

Somerset was appointed Admiral of the Sea to Lord Talbot's army command.[5] Talbot besieged Harfleur from August 1440, which for five months had been in French hands. King Charles VII of France sent a large army under Richemont. The English dug a double ditch rampart with only 1000 men, while Somerset's squadron prevented a French landing by sea, using archers to pick off the enemy at short range. Frustrated, the French withdrew to Paris, lifting the siege. The town surrendered to the English and was re-occupied. York was incensed that John's uncle, Cardinal Henry Beaufort, should advise the king to sue for peace. Somerset advised King Henry that peace was humanitarian and that the king of France was determined to seize Pontoise.[6] When York arrived in Normandy in 1441 to campaign, Somerset had resigned. But the fall of Pontoise to the Duke of Orléans in September 1441 weakened English garrisons, and in Gascony, the situation was even worse.[7] The Beauforts sent Sir Edward Hull, who arrived at Bordeaux on 22 October 1442 to inform York that a huge army would arrive commanded by Somerset. York was ordered to fortify Rouen; just as the king and Dauphin of France were threatening Bordeaux and Aquitaine and seized the town of Dax. Somerset dithered; York was held back as Guyenne was being lost.

Tomb of John and Margaret Beaufort in the minster church of St Cuthburga, Wimborne Minster, Dorset

Meanwhile, the Duke of York, fighting alongside the tactician Lord Talbot, had been appointed Lieutenant for all France. With the Duke of Gloucester's wife Eleanor charged with treason, Somerset took the opportunity in April 1443 to declare himself Lieutenant of Aquitaine and Captain-General of Guyenne. By then, the negotiations Somerset had started as Captain-General of Calais had failed. These two factors turned York against the Beauforts. But the last straw was the payment of £25,000 to Somerset while York remained heavily in debt. Furthermore, Guyenne was consuming precious resources otherwise destined for Normandy.[8]

In August 1443, Somerset led 7,000 men to Cherbourg and marched south to Gascony; the duke was ill. He blundered into Guerche, a Breton town with which England had signed a peace treaty. But Somerset set all prisoners free, accepting money from the Duke of Brittany. Marching aimlessly through Maine, he returned that winter to England.[9] His death in 1444 may have been suicide.[1][10] His death, and that of his uncle the cardinal, marked the end of Beaufort influence, and left the door open for William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, to dominate government.[11] But the lasting effect of these events was burning resentment between the House of York and the remaining members of the Beaufort family.

Children

Illegitimate children of John Beaufort:

  1. Tacine of Somerset. Being foreign born, she was made a denizen of England 20 June 1443. She married before 29 Sept. 1447 Reynold (or Reginald) Grey, 7th Lord Grey of Wilton. He was born about 1421 (aged 21 in 1442). They had one son, John, Knt. [8th Lord Grey of Wilton].
  2. John of Somerset (c. 1444–1453)

Child of John Beaufort and Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso:

  1. Lady Margaret Beaufort (31 May 1443 – 29 June 1509), mother of Henry VII

Ancestry

Family of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
16. Edward II of England[20]
8. Edward III of England[15]
17. Isabella of France[20]
4. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster[12]
18. William I, Count of Hainaut[16]
9. Philippa of Hainault[16]
19. Joan of Valois[16]
2. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset[12]
10. Payne de Roet[17]
5. Katherine Swynford[13]
1. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
24. Robert de Holland, 1st Baron Holand[21]
12. Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent[18]
25. Maud la Zouche[21]
6. Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent[12]
26. Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent[22]
13. Joan of Kent[18]
27. Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell[22]
3. Margaret Holland[12]
28. Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel[23]
14. Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel[18]
29. Alice de Warenne[23]
7. Alice Fitzalan[14]
30. Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster[19]
15. Eleanor of Lancaster[19]
31. Maud Chaworth[19]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Beaufort, John" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  2. ^ Crowther, David. "The History of England Podcast Family Trees, The Wars of the Roses: Descendants of Edward III (simplified)". The History of England Podcast. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  3. ^ Harriss, G.L. (1988). Cardinal Beaufort: A Study of Lancastrian Ascendancy and Decline. Oxford: Clarendon Press.[page needed]
  4. ^ Planche, J.R. (1851). Pursuivant of Arms. p. xx.
  5. ^ Burne 2005, p. 422.
  6. ^ Burne 2005, p. 426.
  7. ^ Oxford History of England, 1399–1485, p. 470
  8. ^ Oxford History of England, 1399–1485, p. 468
  9. ^ Burne 2005, p. 435–6.
  10. ^ Harriss, G.L. (2004). "Beaufort, John, duke of Somerset (1404–1444)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1862.
  11. ^ Burne 2005, p. 438.
  12. ^ a b c d Brown 2004.
  13. ^ Marshall 2003, p. 50.
  14. ^ Weir 2008, pp. 94, 125.
  15. ^ Weir 2008, p. 232.
  16. ^ a b c Weir 2008, p. 93.
  17. ^ Weir 2007, p. 6.
  18. ^ a b c Weir 2008, p. 125.
  19. ^ a b c Weir 2008, p. 77.
  20. ^ a b Weir 2008, p. 92.
  21. ^ a b Browning 1898, p. 288.
  22. ^ a b Weir 2008, pp. 94–95.
  23. ^ a b Weir 2008, pp. 97, 104.

References

Peerage of England
New creation Duke of Somerset
1st creation
1443–1444 		Extinct
Preceded by Earl of Somerset
2nd creation
1418–1444 		Succeeded by
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