Konstanz
Konstanz | |
---|---|
![]() Rheintorturm, a section of the former city wall of Konstanz at Lake Constance | |
Location of Konstanz within Konstanz district ![]() | |
Country | Germany |
State | Baden-Württemberg |
Admin. region | Freiburg |
District | Konstanz |
Subdivisions | 15 |
Government | |
• Lord mayor | Ulrich Burchardt (CDU) |
Area | |
• Total | 55.65 km2 (21.49 sq mi) |
Elevation | 405 m (1,329 ft) |
Population (2022-12-31)[1] | |
• Total | 85,859 |
• Density | 1,500/km2 (4,000/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 78462–78467 |
Dialling codes | 07531, 07533 |
Vehicle registration | KN |
Website | www.konstanz.de |
Konstanz (pronounced [ˈkɔnstants], locally [ˈkɔnʃtants]; English: Constance, Latin: Constantia) is a university city with approximately 80,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany, bordering Switzerland. The city houses the University of Konstanz and was for more than 1200 years residence of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Konstanz.
Location
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Konstanz_Imperia_01.jpg/220px-Konstanz_Imperia_01.jpg)
Konstanz is situated on Lake Constance (Bodensee in German). The Rhine river, which starts in the Swiss Alps, passes through Lake Constance and leaves it, considerably larger, by flowing under a bridge connecting the two parts of the city. North of the river lies the larger part of the city with residential areas, industrial estates, and the University of Konstanz; while south of the river is the old town, which houses the administrative centre and shopping facilities in addition to the Hochschule or the University of Applied Sciences. Car ferries provide access across Lake Constance to Meersburg, and the Katamaran provides a shuttle service for pedestrians to Friedrichshafen. At the old town's southern border lies the Swiss town of Kreuzlingen.
Subdivisions
Konstanz is subdivided into 15 wards or districts (Stadtteile). The island of Mainau belonged to the ward of Litzelstetten, a separate municipality until its incorporation into Konstanz on December 1, 1971.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Konstanz_Stadtteile_mehrfarbig.png/220px-Konstanz_Stadtteile_mehrfarbig.png)
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Schnetztor_in_Konstanz.jpg/220px-Schnetztor_in_Konstanz.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Konstanz_Marktst%C3%A4tte.jpg/220px-Konstanz_Marktst%C3%A4tte.jpg)
The first traces of civilization in Konstanz date back to the late Stone Age. During the reign of Augustus, the Celts living south of the Danube were conquered by the Romans. Around 40 AD, the first Romans settled on the site. This small town on the left bank of the Rhine was probably first called Drusomagus and belonged to the Roman province of Raetia. Its later name, originally Constantia, comes either from the Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus, who fought the Alemanni in the region and built a strong fortress around 300 AD, or from his grandson Constantius II, who visited the region in 354. The remains of the late Roman fortress Constantia were discovered in 2003.
Around 585 the first bishop took up residence in Konstanz and this marked the beginning of the city's importance as a spiritual centre. By the late Middle Ages, about one quarter of Konstanz's 6,000 inhabitants were exempt from taxation on account of clerical rights.
Trade thrived during the Middle Ages. Konstanz owned the only bridge in the region, which crossed the Rhine, making it a strategic location in the Duchy of Swabia. Its linen production had made an international name for the city and it was prosperous. In 1192, Konstanz gained the status of Imperial City so it was henceforth subject only to the Holy Roman Emperor.
In 1414 to 1418, the Council of Constance took place, during which, on 6 July 1415, John Hus (Czech religious thinker, philosopher and reformer), who was seen as a threat to Christianity by the Roman Catholic Church, was burned at the stake. It was here that the Papal Schism was ended and Pope Martin V was elected during the only conclave ever held north of the Alps. Ulrich von Richental's illustrated chronicle of the Council of Constance testifies to all the major happenings during the Council as well as showing the everyday life of medieval Konstanz. The Konzilgebäude where the conclave was held can still be seen standing by the harbour. Close by stands the Imperia, a statue that was erected in 1993 to commemorate the Council.
In 1460, the Swiss Confederacy conquered Thurgau, Konstanz's natural hinterland. Konstanz then made an attempt to get admitted to the Swiss Confederacy, but the forest cantons voted against its entry, fearing over-bearing city states; Konstanz then joined the Swabian League instead. In the Swabian War of 1499, Konstanz lost its last privileges over Thurgau to the Confederation.
The Protestant Reformation took hold in Konstanz in the 1520s, headed by Ambrosius Blarer. Soon the city declared itself officially Protestant, pictures were removed from the churches, and the bishop temporarily moved to Meersburg, a small town across the lake. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. However, in 1548 Emperor Charles V imposed the Imperial Ban on Konstanz and it had to surrender to Habsburg Austria which had suddenly attacked. Thus Konstanz lost its status as an imperial city. The new Habsburg rulers were eager to re-Catholicise the town and in 1604 a Jesuit College was opened. Its accompanying theatre, built in 1610, is the oldest theatre in Germany still performing regularly.
The city became part of the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806. In 1821, the Bishopric of Constance was dissolved and became part of the Archdiocese of Freiburg. Konstanz became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany. After World War I it was included within the Republic of Baden.
Because it almost lies within Switzerland, directly adjacent to the Swiss border, Konstanz was not bombed by the Allied Forces during World War II. The city left all its lights on at night, and thus fooled the bombers into thinking it was actually part of Switzerland. After the war, Konstanz was included first in South Baden and then in the new state of Baden-Württemberg.
The Altstadt (Old Town), which is large considering the small size of modern Konstanz, has many old buildings and twisting alleys. The city skyline is dominated by the majestic "Münster" Cathedral ("Münster Unserer Lieben Frau"), several other churches and three towers left over from the city wall, one of which marks the place of the former medieval bridge over the Rhine.
The University of Konstanz was established close to the town in 1966. It houses an excellent library with approximately two million books, all freely accessible 24 hours a day, as well as a botanical garden (the Botanischer Garten der Universität Konstanz). Especially since 2007, the university, being one of the nine German universities most successful in the German Universities Excellence Initiative, has gained considerable reputation as a so-called "elite university".
Konstanz was the birthplace of Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, constructor of the famous Zeppelin airships.
Image gallery
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The late Roman fortress Constantia at the Münsterplatz.
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The Konzilgebäude in Konstanz.
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The plaque on the house where Jan Hus stayed in 1414.
Largest groups of foreign residents | |
Nationality | Population (2014) |
![]() |
1,627 |
![]() |
1,132 |
![]() |
568 |
![]() |
565 |
![]() |
500 |
![]() |
381 |
Climate
Its location by a lake in south-west Germany gives Konstanz an oceanic climate (Cfb) with warm, humid summers and cold winters.
Climate data for Konstanz, Germany for 1981–2010 (Source: DWD) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.6 (79.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.3 (63.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.1 (39.4) |
14.34 (57.81) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
5.4 (41.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44.0 (1.73) |
45.0 (1.77) |
54.7 (2.15) |
61.5 (2.42) |
89.2 (3.51) |
98.3 (3.87) |
97.4 (3.83) |
89.3 (3.52) |
76.7 (3.02) |
62.7 (2.47) |
60.0 (2.36) |
66.1 (2.60) |
844.78 (33.26) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 50.2 | 81.9 | 135.3 | 176.9 | 209.9 | 225.3 | 249.2 | 225.6 | 160.1 | 98.8 | 53.8 | 40.6 | 1,707.66 |
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[2] |
Main sights
- Archaeological Museum
- Imperia, a 9 m-tall sculpture
- Jan Hus Museum
- Konstanz Cathedral
- Konzil edifice, dating to the 15th century
- Niederburg (Lower Castle)
- Petershausen Abbey
- Remains of a Roman fortress, near the Cathedral
- Schnetztor, fortified gate of the former city walls
Konstanz was also home to a large synagogue, destroyed by the Nazi government in 1938.
International relations
Konstanz is twinned with:
Fontainebleau, France, since 1960
Richmond-upon-Thames, United Kingdom, since 1983
Tábor, Czech Republic, since 1984
Lodi, Italy, since 1986
Suzhou, PR China, since 2007
Wycliffestead Lutterworth, United Kingdom, since 2015
Transport
Konstanz station is served by the Upper Rhine Railway running west to Singen with connections to all parts of Germany, and the Etzwilen–Konstanz line running south into Switzerland, connecting to major routes at Weinfelden. Services are provided by the Deutsche Bahn AG and also the Swiss Thurbo company and its German subsidiary. The nearest airport is at Friedrichshafen, which can be reached by a fast ferry service on the lake, which also connects Konstanz to other lakeside towns. The airport mainly hosts domestic flights, but flights to Austria and Turkey are available. The nearest international airports are in Stuttgart, in Basel, and Zürich, which has a direct train from Konstanz. Bus services within the city are provided by Stadtwerke Konstanz GmbH.
Additionally Konstanz and Friedrichshafen have been connected by the two (since 2008, three) catamarans Constance and Fridolin since 2005.
World Heritage Site
It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3]
Notable people
![]() | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016) |
From 1851-1900
- Josef Albert Amann junior (1866–1919), gynecologist
- Heinrich Ernst Kromer (1866–1948), painter, sculptor, writer
- Konrad Beyerle (1872–1933), jurist, historian and politician
- Conrad Grober (1872–1948), priest and archbishop, teacher and pastor in Konstanz
- Wilhelm von Scholz (1874–1969), writer and dramatist
- Walter Julius Viktor Schoeller (1880–1965), chemist, chief representative and head of research at Schering AG, friend of Otto Hahn and Wilhelm Traube
- Friedrich Flick (1883–1972), entrepreneur
Jacob Picard, origin. Jacob Pickard , pseud. J. P. cheeks (1883–1967), writer
- Michaela von Neipperg (1885–1957), Countess and Benedictine nun, religious superior at the Municipal Women's Clinic Konstanz
- Melanie Risch (1887–1944), victim of Nazism
From 1901 to 1950
- Werner Berger (1901–1964), SS-Oberscharführer and member of commando 99 in Buchenwald concentration camp
- Gerda Bormann (1909–1946), spouse of NSDAP-politician Martin Bormann, privat secretary of Adolf Hitler,
- Julius Federer (1911–1984), jurist
- François Stahly (1911–2006), French sculptor
- Karl Schiess (1914–1999), jurist, politician (CDU), minister and lawyer
- Egon Mayer (1917–1944), Luftwaffe-officer
- Hermann Viellieber (1917–1993), politician (CDU), Member of Landtag
- Werner Maihofer (1918–2009), politician (FDP) and university teacherr, Member of Bundestag, minister of the interior (1974–1978)
- Hans Maria Wingler (1920–1984), art historian and founder of Bauhaus-Archive
- Rosemarie Banholzer (born 1925), dialect author
- Berthold Keller (1927–2012), trade unionist
- Theo Sommer (born 1930), journalist, DIE ZEIT (1973–1992)
- Martin Elsässer (born 1933), diplomat
- Rolf Böhme (born 1934), Staatssekretär (1978–1982), Lord Mayor of (1982–2002) Freiburg
- Hermann Vogler (born 1944), Lord Mayor of Ravensburg
- Hans-Peter Repnik (born 1947), politician (CDU), Member of Bundestag|MdB]] a.D., secretary of state (1989–1994),
- Friedhelm Repnik (born 1949), Social minister of Baden-Württemberg 1998-2004
- Horst Frank (born 1949),jurist, Lord Mayor of Konstanz 1996-2012
See also
- Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium
- Cathedral of Konstanz
- Hochschule Konstanz (University of Applied Sciences)
- University of Konstanz
References
- ^ "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022" [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2022] (CSV) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023.
- ^ "Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte".
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Site - Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps
External links
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