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Barnard 203

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Barnard 203
Molecular cloud
dark nebula
Barnard 203 seen by WISE and Herschel
Observation data: J2000.0[1] epoch
Right ascension03h 22m 30.0s[1]
Declination+30° 35′ 00″[1]
Distance800 ly   (250[2] pc)
ConstellationPerseus
DesignationsBarnard 203, LDN 1448
See also: Lists of nebulae

The dark nebula Barnard 203 or Lynds 1448 is located about one degree southwest of NGC 1333 in the Perseus molecular cloud, at a distance of about 800 light-years. Three infrared sources were observed in this region by IRAS, called IRS 1, IRS 2 and IRS 3.[2]

The region also contains multiple Herbig-Haro objects, including HH 193–197, which are driven by the protostars in this region.[3]

The young stellar object population

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The triple protostar system IRS 3B and the disk of the system.

The source IRS 1 is a class I young stellar object and a binary.[4] IRS 1 is more evolved than most of the protostars in this region and less well-studied.

The source IRS 2 is a binary that is very young (class 0 young stellar object), surrounded by a rotating disk and the system shows a bipolar outflow signature. The system has an hourglass shaped magnetic field that is aligned with the bipolar outflow.[5] Towards the east is the source IRS 2E, a source between a pre-stellar core and a protostar.[6]

The source IRS 3B was studied the most and ALMA showed that it is a triple protostar system with one star forming via disk fragmentation. The two outer stars are separated by 61 and 183 astronomical units from the central star and all three stars are surrounded by a circumstellar disk that shows spiral arms. IRS 3B is a class 0 young stellar object and might be younger than 150,000 years. The two protostellar objects in the center have a mass of about 1 M☉ and the protostar further from the center has a mass of about 0.085 M☉. The disk that surrounds the three protostars has an estimated mass of about 0.30 M☉.[7][8] The sources IRS 3A, B and C show molecular outflows.[2] IRS 3 is also called L1448N.

Another well-studied source in this region is called L1448-mm or L1448C. It is a class 0 young stellar object that drives a highly collimated flow, detected in carbon monoxide, Silicon monoxide and water.[9]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Barnard 203". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  2. ^ a b c Kwon, Woojin; Looney, Leslie W.; Crutcher, Richard M.; Kirk, Jason M. (December 2006). "Two Bipolar Outflows and Magnetic Fields in the Multiple Protostar System L1448 IRS 3". Astrophysical Journal. 653 (2): 1358–1368. arXiv:astro-ph/0609176. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653.1358K. doi:10.1086/508920. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 10107261.
  3. ^ Eislöffel, Jochen (February 2000). "Parsec-scale molecular H_2 outflows from young stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 354: 236–246. Bibcode:2000A&A...354..236E. ISSN 0004-6361.
  4. ^ Sadavoy, Sarah I.; Stahler, Steven W. (August 2017). "Embedded binaries and their dense cores". MNRAS. 469 (4): 3881–3900. arXiv:1705.00049. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.469.3881S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1061. ISSN 0035-8711.
  5. ^ Kwon, Woojin; Stephens, Ian W.; Tobin, John J.; Looney, Leslie W.; Li, Zhi-Yun; van der Tak, Floris F. S.; Crutcher, Richard M. (July 2019). "Highly Ordered and Pinched Magnetic Fields in the Class 0 Protobinary System L1448 IRS 2". Astrophysical Journal. 879 (1): 25. arXiv:1805.07348. Bibcode:2019ApJ...879...25K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab24c8. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 64652607.
  6. ^ Chen, Xuepeng; Arce, Héctor G.; Zhang, Qizhou; Bourke, Tyler L.; Launhardt, Ralf; Schmalzl, Markus; Henning, Thomas (June 2010). "L1448 IRS2E: A Candidate First Hydrostatic Core". Astrophysical Journal. 715 (2): 1344–1351. arXiv:1004.2443. Bibcode:2010ApJ...715.1344C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/715/2/1344. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119087606.
  7. ^ "Young Stellar System Caught in Act of Forming Close Multiples". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  8. ^ Tobin, John J.; Kratter, Kaitlin M.; Persson, Magnus V.; Looney, Leslie W.; Dunham, Michael M.; Segura-Cox, Dominique; Li, Zhi-Yun; Chandler, Claire J.; Sadavoy, Sarah I.; Harris, Robert J.; Melis, Carl (October 2016). "A triple protostar system formed via fragmentation of a gravitationally unstable disk". Nature. 538 (7626): 483–486. arXiv:1610.08524. Bibcode:2016Natur.538..483T. doi:10.1038/nature20094. hdl:10150/621528. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 27786204. S2CID 4451474.
  9. ^ Nisini, B.; Santangelo, G.; Antoniucci, S.; Benedettini, M.; Codella, C.; Giannini, T.; Lorenzani, A.; Liseau, R.; Tafalla, M.; Bjerkeli, P.; Cabrit, S. (January 2013). "Mapping water in protostellar outflows with Herschel. PACS and HIFI observations of L1448-C". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 549: A16. arXiv:1210.7178. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..16N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220163. ISSN 0004-6361.
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