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Levasseur PL.8

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Levasseur PL.8
Faded brown postcard with a photograph of a white biplane. Two oval cameo pictures are above the aircraft, showing the faces of two men. On the left, is a clean-shaven healthy-looking man in his mid-30s, with a pilot's squint. On the right, is a slightly more heavyset man with a black eyepatch over his right eye.
1927 postcard showing L'Oiseau Blanc, with pictures of Nungesser (left) and Coli (right)
Role Long-range aircraft [for record attempt]
National origin France
Manufacturer Pierre Levasseur Company
First flight 1927
Introduction 1927
Primary user Charles Nungesser, François Coli
Number built 2
Developed from Levasseur PL.4

The Levasseur PL.8 was a single engine, two-seat long-distance record-breaking biplane aircraft modified from an existing Levasseur PL.4 carrier-based reconnaissance aircraft produced in France in the 1920s. Levasseur built the aircraft in 1927, specifically for pilots Charles Nungesser and François Coli for a transatlantic attempt to win the Orteig Prize. Only two examples of the type were built, with the first PL.8-01 named L'Oiseau Blanc (The White Bird), that gained fame as Nungesser and Coli's aircraft.

Design and development

At the Pierre Levasseur Company in Paris, Nungesser and Coli, working closely with Chief Engineer Émile Farret and production manager Albert Longelot, assisted in the design of the new Levasseur PL.8 biplane. Based on the PL.4 developed for the Aéronavale to operate from the French aircraft carrier Béarn, the PL.8 was a conventional single-bay wood and fabric-covered biplane that carried a crew of two in a side-by-side open cockpit.

Major modifications included the reinforcement of the plywood fuselage, removing two of the forward cockpits with the main cockpit widened to allow Nungesser and Coli to sit side-by-side. The wingspan was also increased to approximately 15 m (49 ft). In adding two additional fuel tanks mounted aft of the firewall, the three fuel tanks held a total of 4,025 litres (1,056 gallons) of gasoline.[1]

The PL.8 also incorporated several safety features in case of ditching at sea. Apart from small floats attached directly to the undersides of the lower wing, the main units of the fixed tailskid undercarriage could be jettisoned on takeoff in order to reduce the aircraft's weight. The underside of the fuselage was given a boat-like shape and made watertight for a water landing. Nungesser and Coli's plan was to make a water landing in New York in front of the Statue of Liberty[2]

A single W-12ED Lorraine-Dietrich 340 kilowatts (460 hp) engine was used with the cylinders set in three banks spaced 60° apart from one another, similar to the arrangement used in Napier engines. The engine was tested to ensure it would last the entire flight and was run for over 40 hours while still in the Parisian factory.[3]

The aircraft christened L'Oiseau Blanc [N 1] was painted white[N 2] and had the French tricolor markings, with Nungesser's personal World War I flying ace logo: a skull and crossbones, candles and a coffin, on a black heart.[6] The biplane carried no radio [N 3] and relied only on celestial navigation, a specialty of Coli from his previous flights around the Mediterranean.[2]

In 1928, a second PL.8 was built, equipped with a Hispano-Suiza 12M 375 kW (500 hp) engine. Flown in 1928, the PL.8-02 was intended as a long-range record breaker but modified as an air mail carrier. On 20 December 1929, the second PL.8-02, registered F-AJKP to Cie Generale Aeropostale and based at Dakar while flown by pilot Henry Delaunay, was badly damaged when it hit a pothole on landing at Istres and not repaired.[8]

Operational history

In April 1927, the first PL.8 was shipped from the factory for Nungesser to begin a series of proving tests to determine aircraft performance. Most of the flights were conducted around Villacoublay and Chartres. Although full fuel loads were never carried, during one flight, he reached a speed of 207 kilometres per hour (129 mph) and flight elevation of 4,900 m (16,100 ft). Once the tests were complete, L'Oiseau Blanc was prepared for its record flight.

Transatlantic flight

Main article: L'Oiseau Blanc
'L'Oiseau Blanc during the flight tests, in April 1927

L'Oiseau Blanc took off at 5:17 a.m. 8 May 1927 from Le Bourget Field in Paris, heading for New York.[6][9] The biplane weighed 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) on takeoff, extremely heavy for a single-engined aircraft.[3] The intended flight path was a great circle route, which would have taken them across the English Channel, over the southwestern part of England and Ireland, across the Atlantic to Newfoundland, then south over Nova Scotia, to Boston, and finally to a water landing in New York.[10][11]

L'Oiseau Blanc had been carrying a sizable load of fuel, 4,000 litres (1,100 US gal), which would have given them approximately 42 hours of flight time. Crowds of people gathered in New York to witness the historic arrival, with tens of thousands of people crowding Battery Park in Manhattan to have a good view of the Statue of Liberty, where the aircraft was scheduled to touch down. After their estimated time of arrival had passed, with no word as to the aircraft's fate, it was realized that the aircraft had been lost.[12]

Rumors circulated that L'Oiseau Blanc had been sighted along its route, in Newfoundland, or over Long Island, and despite the launch of an international search, after two weeks, further search efforts were abandoned.[2][13][14]

As of 2008, the landing gear is the only confirmed part of the L'Oiseau Blanc remaining, and is on display at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (French Air and Space Museum), in Le Bourget airport in Paris, the location from which L'Oiseau Blanc took off.[15]

Operators

 France
  • Cie Generale Aeropostale

Specifications: Levasseur Pl.8-01 L'Oiseau Blanc

Levasseur PL.8 3-view drawing from L'Aérophile June,1927

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 9.75 m (32 ft 0 in)
  • Wingspan: 15 m (49 ft 3 in)
  • Height: 3.89 m (12 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area: 60.9 m2 (656 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 1,905 kg (4,200 lb)
  • Gross weight: 5,000 kg (11,023 lb)
  • Powerplant: × Lorraine 12Ed Courlis W-12 water-cooled piston engine, 340 kW (460 hp)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 193 km/h (120 mph, 104 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 165 km/h (103 mph, 89 kn)
  • Range: 7,000 km (4,300 mi, 3,800 nmi)
  • Endurance: 40 hours
  • Service ceiling: 7,000 m (23,000 ft)

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ In the United States, L'Oiseau Blanc was commonly known as "The White Bird".[4]
  2. ^ Nungesser had the aircraft painted white to aid in recognition if forced down at sea.[5]
  3. ^ Period radios were considered too unreliable to be worth the extra weight.[7]

Citations

  1. ^ McDonaugh 1966, p. 29.
  2. ^ a b c O'Mara, Richard. "Surviving Amelia." The Sun, 10 January 1999.
  3. ^ a b Godspeed, Charles and Francois. "The Secret of The White Bird." aero-news.net, 9 May 2006. Retrieved: 16 January 2009.
  4. ^ Montague 1971, pp. 102, 132.
  5. ^ Jackson 2012, p. 239.
  6. ^ a b Wiggens, Bill. "Mystery of the White Bird." Air Classics, July 1999.
  7. ^ Mosley 2000, p. 102.
  8. ^ "Project Midnight Ghost ." Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine tighar.org, 2006. Retrieved: 18 January 2009.
  9. ^ Berg 1999, p. 105.
  10. ^ Farrell, John Aloysius. "Unraveling the mystery of White Bird's flight." Boston Globe, 8 March 1987.
  11. ^ Will 2008, pp. 21–22.
  12. ^ Mosley 2000, p. 86.
  13. ^ Clayton, John. "The White Bird: Tracking an aviation mystery to NH." New Hampshire Sunday News, 28 May 2006.
  14. ^ Wohl 2007, p. 10.
  15. ^ Ward, John W. "The Meaning of Lindbergh's Flight." American Quarterly (The Johns Hopkins University Press), Volume 10, Issue 1, Spring 1958, pp. 3–16. DOI=10.2307/2710171, jstor=2710171

Bibliography

  • Berg, A. Scott. Lindbergh. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1999, First edition 1998. ISBN 978-0-42517-041-0.
  • Jackson, Joe. Atlantic Fever: Lindbergh, His Competitors, and the Race to Cross the Atlantic. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. ISBN 978-0-37410-675-1.
  • McDonaugh, Kenneth. Atlantic Wings 1919–1939: The Conquest of the North Atlantic by Aeroplane. Hemel Hempstead, Herts, UK: Model Aeronautical Press, 1966. ISBN 978-0-85344-125-0.
  • Montague, Richard. Oceans, Poles and Airmen: The First Flights Over Wide Waters and Desolate Ice. New York: Random House, 1971. ISBN 978-0-39446-237-0.
  • Mosley, Leonard. Lindbergh: A Biography (Dover Transportation). Mineola, New York: Courier Dover Publications, 2000. ISBN 978-0-48640-964-1.
  • Stoff, Joshua. Transatlantic Flight: A Picture History, 1873–1939. Mineoloa, New York: Dover publications, Inc., 2000. ISBN 0-486-40727-6.
  • Will, Gavin. The Big Hop: The North Atlantic Air Race. Portugal Cove-St. Phillips, Newfoundland: Boulder Publications, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9730271-8-1.
  • Wohl, Robert. The Spectacle of Flight: Aviation and the Western Imagination, 1920–1950. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2007, First edition 2005. ISBN 978-0-30012-265-7.
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