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Summit of Mount Kenya, with names of main glaciers, valleys and peaks

Mount Kenya (5,199 metres (17,057 ft)) is the second highest mountain in Africa and the highest mountain in Kenya,[1] after which the country is named.[2] It lies just south of the equator and currently has eleven small glaciers.[1][3] In 1849 Johann Krapf was the first European to discover Mount Kenya.[4] Various expeditions reached it in the following years.[5][6] It was first climbed in 1899 by Halford Mackinder.[7] The mountain became a national park in 1949,[8] played a key role in the Mau Mau events in the 1950s,[9] and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.[10] It is climbed and walked up by up to 15,000 tourists every year.[11]

Mount Kenya

This 1911 map shows the region around Mount Kenya labelled as Kenya.[12]

Mount Kenya received its current name by European missionaries who, wrote the name as 'Kenya' from the Akamba word 'kiinyaa'. The first missionaries, Johann Ludwig Krapf, and Johannes Rebmann, were led into Kenyas interior by Akamba long distance traders. So when they asked the name of the mountain, they were given the name 'kiima kya kenia'. 'kenia' in Kamba means to glitter, or to shine, hence the Akamba people referred to it as the mountain that glitters, or the shining mountain. So these missionaries recorded it as Mt. Kenya, a Kamba word, and the country was then later named after this mountain. Other ethnic groups living around the mountain such as the Agikuyu called this mountain 'Kirinyaga'; 'nyaga' in Kikuyu is an Ostrich, and 'kiri' means with: so in essence they called it the mountain with ostriches. The Maasai call it Ol Donyo Eibor or Ol Donyo Egere, which mean "the White mountain" or "the speckled mountain" respectively.[13][14][15]

Krapf was staying in a Wakamba village when he first saw the mountain.[16] Krapf, however, recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia.[16] According to some sources, this is a corruption of the Wakamba Kiinyaa.[17] Others however say that this was on the contrary a very precise notation of a native word pronounced ˈkenia.[18] Nevertheless, the name was usually pronounced /ˈkiːnjə/ in English.[19]

It is important to note that at the time this referred to the mountain without having to include mountain in the name. The current name Mount Kenya was used by some as early as 1894,[20] but this was not a regular occurrence until 1920 when Kenya Colony was established.[21] Before 1920 the area now known as Kenya was known as the British East Africa Protectorate and so there was no need to mention mount when referring to the mountain.[21] Mount Kenya was not the only English name for the mountain as shown in Dutton's 1929 book Kenya Mountain.[4] By the 1930s Kenya was becoming the dominant spelling, but Kenia was occasionally used.[2] At this time both were still pronounced ˈkiːnjə in English.[17]

Kenya achieved independence in 1963, and Jomo Kenyatta was elected as the first president.[22] He had previously assumed this name to reflect his commitment to freeing his country and his pronunciation of his name resulted in the pronunciation of Kenya in English changing back to an approximation of the original native pronunciation, the current ˈkɛnjə.[17] So the country was named after the colony, which in turn was named after the mountain as it is a very significant landmark.[21][23] To distinguish easily between the country and the mountain, the mountain became known as Mount Kenya with the current pronunciation ˈkɛnjə.[19] Mount Kenya is featured on the coat of arms of Kenya.

Peaks

Lenana was the Chief Medicine-Man of the Maasai circa 1890. Pt Lenana was named after him by Halford Mackinder. Lenana was the son of Batian who was the previous Chief Medicine-Man.[4]

The peaks of Mount Kenya have been given names from three different sources. Firstly, several Maasai chieftains have been commemorated, with names such as Batian, Nelion and Lenana. These names were suggested by Mackinder, on the suggestion of Sidney Langford Hinde, who was the resident officer in Maasailand at the time of Mackinder's expedition. They commemorate Mbatian, a Maasai Laibon (Medicine Man), Nelieng, his brother, and Lenana and Sendeyo, his sons.[4] Terere is named after another Maasai headman.

The second type of names that were given to peaks are after climbers and explorers. Some examples of this are Shipton, Sommerfelt, Tilman, Dutton and Arthur. Shipton made the first ascent of Nelion, and Sommerfelt accompanied Shipton on the second ascent. Tilman made many first ascents of peaks with Shipton in 1930. Dutton and Arthur explored the mountain between 1910 and 1930. Arthur Firmin, who made many first ascents, has been remembered in Firmin's Col. Humphrey Slade, of Pt Slade, explored the moorland areas of the mountain in the 1930s, and possibly made the first ascent of Sendeyo.[9]

The remaining names are after well-known Kenyan personalities, with the exception of John and Peter, which were named by the missionary Arthur after two disciples. Pigott was the Acting Administrator of Imperial British East Africa at the time of Gregory's expedition, and there is a group of four peaks to the east of the main peaks named after governors of Kenya and early settlers; Coryndon, Grigg, Delamere and McMillan.[9]

The majority of the names were given by Melhuish and Dutton, with the exception of the Maasai names and Peter and John. Interestingly Pt Thomson is not named after Joseph Thomson, who confirmed the mountain's existence, but after another J Thomson who was an official Royal Geographical Society photographer.[9]

Name Reason for naming Named by Date named
Batian Named after Mbatian, the chief medicine man (Laibon) of Maasai when Europeans first discovered Maasailand.[7][24][25] Mackinder[7][24] 1899
Nelion Named after Nelieng, the brother of Mbatian[7] Mackinder[7][24][25] 1899
Pt Lenana Named after Lenana, the second son of Mbatian and next chief medicine man. Lenana was the medicine man at the time of first ascent of Batian.[7][25] Mackinder[7][24][25] 1899
Coryndon Peak Named after Sir Robert Coryndon, the Governor of Kenya Colony between 1922 and 1925.[26]
Pt Piggott Named after J. R. W. Piggott, the administrator of British East Africa in 1893. He assisted Gregory's expedition to Mount Kenya.[27] Gregory[27] by 1900[7]
Pt Thomson Named after Joseph Thomson, who, in 1863, confirmed Krapf's claim of the existence of Mount Kenya.[26] Mackinder[26] by 1900[7]
Pt Dutton E. A. T Dutton explored the mountain.[26]
Pt John Named by a Scottish missionary after the disciple. Arthur[9]
Pt Melhuish Named after J. D. Melhuish, who was responsible for most of the first maps and photographs of the mountain.[26] Arthur[26]
Krapf Rognon Named after Dr Krapf, who was the first European to see the mountain in 1849. Mackinder
Pt Peter Named by a Scottish missionary after the disciple. Arthur[9]
Pt Slade Named after Humphrey Slade, who explored the moorland zone of Mount Kenya. He possibly also made the first ascent of Sendeyo.[9]
Terere Named after Terere, a Maasai laibon.[7] Mackinder[7] 1899
Sendeyo Named after Sendeyo, the eldest son of Mbatian and brother of Lenana.[7] Mackinder[7] 1899
Midget Peak Named after Madge Anderson, friend of Eric Shipton in Kenya, resp. her nickname "Midget" Eric Shipton 1930
The Hat
Delamere Peak Named after Rt. Hon. Lord Delamere, who was one of the early explorers of East Africa. He arrived in Kenya Colony in 1897.[26] Melhuish and Dutton[26]
Macmillan Peak Named after Sir Northrup Macmillan, an early pioneer.[26] Melhuish and Dutton[26]
Grigg Peak Named after Lieut-Col. Sit Edward Grigg, who was the Governor of Kenya Colony from 1925.[26] Arthur[26]
Höhnel Peak (The Castle) Named after Lieut. Ludwig von Höhnel, who was the cartographer on Teleki's expedition to the mountain. When he drew the mountain from the Ndoro, to the south, he clearly marked this peak, so Gregory named it after him.[27] Gregory[28] by 1894[20]
Arthur's Seat Named after Rev. J. W. Arthur, who made several attempts to reach the summit.[26] Melhuish[26]
Sommerfelt Peak Named after G. A. Sommerfelt, who climbed Batian with Shipton and Harris on 8 January 1929.[26] Dutton[26]
Three Sisters Named for their appearance. "Three slim columns of rock separated from each other by the merest cracks."[26] Melhuish and Dutton[26]
The Tooth Named for its appearance.[26] Melhuish and Dutton[26]
The Castle (Höhnel Peak)
Gate of Mists Named for its physical appearance, and because "Kenya" is a corruption of the Maasai word for "mist".[7] Mackinder[7][24][25] 1899
Shipton Peak Named after E. E. Shipton, who made the first ascent of Nelion and second ascent of Batian in 1929.[26] Dutton[26]
Grand and Petit Gendarmes Named for their physical appearance. Shipton and Tilman 1930
Tilman Peak Named after Tilman, who made many climbs with Shipton in 1930.[9]
Pt John Minor
Thomson's Flake
Western Terminal
Eastern Terminal
Kibatia
Rutundu
Giants Billiards Table (also known as Kilingo) Visually the mountain is very flat topped. Name mentioned on Mackinder's 1900 map[7] by 1900[7]
Kilingo (also known as Giants Billiards Table)
Mugi Hill by 1926[26]
The Barrow
Ithanguni
East Mountain (later renamed Ithanguni) Mackinder 1899
Highland Castle
Biruoini
The Twins Photographed (and potentially named) by Melhuish.[27]

Valleys

Name Reason for naming Named by Date named
Carr Valley Named after Ernest Carr, who discovered the Carr Lakes and erected two huts on the mountain. He built a road up the east side of the mountain from Chogoria, and was the founder of the Mountain Club of East Africa.[9][26] Melhuish and Dutton[26]
Gorges Valley Named after Brig-General Edmund Howard Gorges, who reinforced Mackinder's expedition in 1899.[7] Mackinder[26] by 1900[7]
Hausberg Valley Named after C. B. Hausberg, who attained the summit of Batian with Mackinder, and was the photographer of the expedition.[26] Mackinder[26] by 1900[7]
Hinde Valley Named after Sidney Langford Hinde, who assisted Mackinder's expedition.[26] Mackinder[26] by 1900[7]
Hobley Valley Named after C. W. Hobley, who made an expedition to the mountain with Dundas in 1891 where they traversed the forest zone. The expedition probably would have reached this valley, had they penetrated the forest.[27] Gregory[27] by 1900[7]
Höhnel Valley Named after Lieut. Ludwig von Höhnel, who was the cartographer on Teleki's expedition to the mountain.[27] Gregory[7][27] by 1894[20]
Teleki Valley Named after Count Samuel Teleki, who led the first expedition to penetrate the forest zone of Mount Kenya in 1887. The expedition entered this valley.[27][29] Gregory[27][29] by 1894[20]
Mackinder Valley Named after Mackinder, who made the first ascent of Batian in 1899. by 1900[7]
Guaso Mairi Valley This valley was named after the river that originates here.[27] Gregory[27]

Lakes

Name Reason for naming Named by Date named Co-ordinates
Carr Lakes Named after Ernest Carr, who discovered the Carr Lakes and erected two huts on the mountain. He built a road up the east side of the mountain from Chogoria, and was the founder of the Mountain Club of East Africa.[26] Melhuish and Dutton[26]
Lake Ellis Named after Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis, who was the first European to reach the lake in 1927.[26] Dutton[26]
Gitchini Tarn (now known as Hanging Tarn) Named after Gitchini, the personal servant of Melhuish, who accompanied him on many expeditions.[26] Melhuish and Dutton[26]
Hall Tarns Named after F. G. Hall, the District Commissioner at Fort Hall.[26] Mackinder[26] by 1900[7]
Harris Tarn Named after P. Wyn Harris, who made the first ascent of Nelion and second ascent of Batian with Shipton in 1929.[26] Dutton[26] 1926-1929[26]
Lake Höhnel Named after Lieut. Ludwig von Höhnel, who was the cartographer on Teleki's expedition to the mountain.[27] Gregory[28] 1894[20]
Lake Michaelson Named after a friend of Mackinder who took an interest in his expedition in 1899.[26] Mackinder[26] by 1900[7]
Teleki Tarns Named after Count Samuel Teleki, who led the first expedition to penetrate the forest zone of Mount Kenya in 1887.[27] Gregory[27] by 1894[20]
Thompson Tarns Named after W. Bird Thompson, who was the leader of the British East African expedition to the mountain in 1891.[27] Gregory[27]
Gallery Tarn Named for its appearance.[26] Melhuish and Dutton[26]
Curling Pond Arthur taught Melhuish to curl on this pond.[9] Melhuish[26] 1919[26]
Hook Tarn Named after Raymond Hook.[9] Melhuish and Dutton[9]
Simba Tarn Porters insisted they saw a lion here in 1924.[9] Melhuish and Dutton[9]
Lake Alice Named after the Duchess of Gloucester, who visited Kenya just after the lake was discovered.[9] Melhuish and Dutton[9]
Polishman's Tarn Named because a Polish artist was looking for a good view of the peaks and was directed to this tarn.[9] Melhuish and Dutton[9]
Kikami Kikami is the Kĩkũyũ word for hyrax, and there are lots of hyrax here.[9] Melhuish and Dutton[9]
Hanging Tarn (used to be known as Gitchini Tarn)[9] Melhuish and Dutton[9]
Oblong Tarn
Square Tarn
Kami Tarn
Emerald Tarn
Nanyuki Tarn The tarn is named after the river that it flows into. Nanyuki means red-brown in Maasai; the colour of the river when it floods in the wet season.[30]
Hut Tarn
Tyndall Tarn
Lewis Tarn
Hidden Tarn
Enchanted Lake
Kech Tarn
Lake Rutundu
Naro Moru Tarn
Sacred Lake

Glaciers

Name Reason for naming Named by Date named Area (km2) Date when this area was recorded
Lewis Named as a memorial to Prof. Henry Carvell Lewis who revolutionised views on British and American glacial geology.[27][28] Gregory[28] by 1894[20] 0.3 1983[3]
Gregory Named after Dr. J. W. Gregory, who was the first European to reach the glaciers of Mount Kenya in 1892 (1893?).[26] Mackinder[26][27] by 1900[7] 0.08 1983[3]
Tyndall Named after John Tyndall, who wrote works on Alpine Glaciers, movements of glaciers and glaciation.[26] Gregory[27] by 1900[7] 0.09 1983[3]
Forel Named after Forel, a Swiss geologist.[9] Named because it was useful for the glaciers to have names when they were being surveyed.[27] Gregory[27] 0.03 1983[3]
Heim Named after Heim, a Swiss geologist.[9] Named because it was useful for the glaciers to have names when they were being surveyed.[27] Gregory[27] 0.02 1983[3]
Krapf Named after Dr Krapf, who was the first European to see the mountain in 1849.[26] Mackinder[26][27] by 1900[7] 0.04 1983[3]
Barlow Named after A. R. Barlow, who ascended to the peaks three times and made a collection of photographs of the mountain.[26] Melhuish and Arthur[26] Last recorded 1926[3]
Cesar Named after Cesar Ollier, a guide on Mackinder's expedition in 1899.[26] Mackinder[26][27] by 1900[7] 0.03 1983[3]
Darwin Named after Charles Darwin, who made the first precise description of a glacial corrie in Britain.[27] Gregory[27] by 1929 0.04 1983[3]
Diamond Named because it is so hard.[7][24] Mackinder[24][25][26] 1899 0.01 1983[3]
Josef Named after Josef Brocherel, a guide on Mackinder's expedition in 1899.[26] Gregory[26] Mackinder or Arthur and Melhuish[27] by 1900[7] 0.03 1983[3]
Melhuish Named after J. D. Melhuish, who was responsible for most of the first maps and photographs of the mountain.[26] Arthur[26] Last recorded 1978[3]
Northey Named after Major-General Sir Edward Northey, a Governor of Kenya in the 1920s.[9][21][26] Melhuish and Arthur[26][27] 0.03 1983[3]
Kolbe Named after Dr Kolbe, who reached the open moorland above the eastern forest on Mount Kenya.[26] Gregory[26] Mackinder or Melhuish and Arthur[27] by 1900[7] Last recorded 1947[3]
Mackinder Last recorded 1899[3]
Northwest Piggott Last recorded 1926[3]
Arthur Last recorded 1926[3]
Peter Last recorded 1926[3]

Rivers

Rivers starting above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) are listed clockwise around the mountain from the north. Tributaries rivers which include the original name in their names are not listed, for example Liki North and Liki South. The rivers on Mount Kenya have been named after the villages on the slopes of the mountain that they flow close to. The Thuchi River is the district boundary between Meru and Embu. Mount Kenya is a major water tower for the Tana river which in 1988 supplied 80% of Kenya's electricity using a series of seven hydroelectric power stations and dams.[31]

Name Co-ordinate at 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) General flow direction Tributary of
Sirimon[32] 0°2′S 37°17′E / 0.033°S 37.283°E / -0.033; 37.283 NW Ewaso Ng'iro
Marania[33] 0°0′N 37°0′E / 0.000°N 37.000°E / 0.000; 37.000 NNE Ewaso Ng'iro
Luguso[33] 0°0′S 37°27′E / -0.000°N 37.450°E / -0.000; 37.450 NNE Ewaso Ng'iro
Kazita[32] 0°2′S 37°28′E / 0.033°S 37.467°E / -0.033; 37.467 NE Tana
Mutonga[32] 0°7′S 37°29′E / 0.117°S 37.483°E / -0.117; 37.483 SE Tana
Nithi[32] 0°10′S 37°26′E / 0.167°S 37.433°E / -0.167; 37.433 SE Tana
Ruguti[32] 0°12′S 37°25′E / 0.200°S 37.417°E / -0.200; 37.417 SE Tana
Thuchi[33] 0°13′S 37°24′E / 0.217°S 37.400°E / -0.217; 37.400 SE Tana
Rupingazi[33] 0°14′S 37°22′E / 0.233°S 37.367°E / -0.233; 37.367 SSE Nyamindi then Tana
Nyamindi[32] 0°16′S 37°19′E / 0.267°S 37.317°E / -0.267; 37.317 SSE Reservoirs then Tana
Keringa[33] 0°17′S 37°16′E / 0.283°S 37.267°E / -0.283; 37.267 SSW Sagana then Tana
Sagana[33] 0°15′S 37°15′E / 0.250°S 37.250°E / -0.250; 37.250 SW Reservoirs then Tana
Thego[33] 0°14′S 37°14′E / 0.233°S 37.233°E / -0.233; 37.233 SW Sagana then Tana
Nairobi[32] 0°12′S 37°13′E / 0.200°S 37.217°E / -0.200; 37.217 W Sagana then Tana
Naro Moru[32] 0°10′S 37°13′E / 0.167°S 37.217°E / -0.167; 37.217 W Ewaso Ng'iro
Burguret[32] 0°9′S 37°14′E / 0.150°S 37.233°E / -0.150; 37.233 W Ewaso Ng'iro
Nanyuki[32] 0°7′S 37°14′E / 0.117°S 37.233°E / -0.117; 37.233 NW Ewaso Ng'iro
Liki[32] 0°5′S 37°15′E / 0.083°S 37.250°E / -0.083; 37.250 WNW Ewaso Ng'iro
Ontulili[33] 0°3′S 37°16′E / 0.050°S 37.267°E / -0.050; 37.267 WNW Ewaso Ng'iro

Other features

river mariara I lake chei
Name Type of feature Reason for naming Named by Date named
Shipton's Cave Cave Named after E. E. Shipton, who used the cave as a base camp when exploring the northern side of the mountain with Tilman in 1930.[24]
Vivienne Falls Waterfall Named after Miss Vivienne de Watteville, who was an explorer on the mountain when Shipton was there in 1929.[9][25] Mackinder[9]
The Gates Waterfall Named after the gorge that the Nithi River runs through.[26] by 1926[26]
Vertical Bog
Foxes Cave Cave
Kampi ya Farasi
Kampi ya Machengeni
Percival's Bridge
The Scoop
Raguti Springs Soda water springs Mentioned by Dutton[26]
Mbairunyi Clearing in the bamboo zone at 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) The name means "Place of Fighting". According to Dutton it is the highest point to which the local people used to climb on Mount Kenya, and is the site of a fight between the Embu and Meru.[26] Named before Dutton[26]
Gacheno Small glade in the forest zone The name means "Place of Danger" as the local people were afraid of starvation this high on the mountain.[26] Named before Dutton[26]
Kethimbui Small glade in the forest zone. The name means "Place of Rest".[26] Named before Dutton[26]
The Temple 300 metres (1,000 ft) cliff
The Saddle Moorland, large area between main peaks and Ithanguni Mackinder[7] 1899[7]
Firmin's Tower A pillar of rock on the north face of Batian Arthur Firmin climbed this tower on the first ascent of the North Face Standard Route up Batian[9] 1944[9]

References

  1. ^ a b Rough Guide Map Kenya (Map) (9 ed.). 1:900,000. Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. Rough Guide. 2006. ISBN 1-84353-359-6.
  2. ^ a b J.H. Reynolds, Secretary Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, RGS (8 February 1932). "The spelling of Kenya". Letters to the editor. The Times. No. 46051. London. p. 8.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hastenrath, Stefan (1984). The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 90-277-1572-6.
  4. ^ a b c d Dutton, E.A.T. (1929). Kenya Mountain. London: Charles Whittingham and Griggs.
  5. ^ Lieutenant Ludwig von Höhnel; Count Samuel Teleki (1894). Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie. London: Longmans.
  6. ^ John Walter Gregory (1968) [1896]. The Great Rift Valley. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Mackinder, H. J. (May 1900). "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya". The Geographical Journal. 15 (5). Blackwell Publishing: 453–476. doi:10.2307/1774261. JSTOR 1774261.
  8. ^ Gideon N. Gathaara (August 1999), Aerial survey of the destruction of Mt. Kenya, Imenti and Ngare Ndare forest reserves. February - June 1999, Kenya Wildlife Service
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Mountain Club of Kenya (October 1998) [1959]. Iain Allan (ed.). The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro (4 ed.). Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. ISBN 9966-9856-0-3.
  10. ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Site". Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  11. ^ Gichuki, Francis Ndegwa (August 1999). "Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya". Ambio. 28 (5). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: 430–435.
  12. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (11 ed.). New York: Horace Everett Hooper. 1911. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ Thomson, Joseph (1968) [1885]. Through Masai Land (3 ed.). London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-141-95717-5.
  14. ^ Burns, Cameron (1998). Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide. Leicester: Cordee. ISBN 1-871890-98-5.
  15. ^ Kenya Wildlife Service (2006), Mount Kenya Official Guidebook, Kenya Wildlife Service
  16. ^ a b Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 May 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer. i: 452.
  17. ^ a b c Foottit, Claire (2006) [2004]. Kenya. The Brade Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. ISBN 1-84162-066-1.
  18. ^ B. J. Ratcliffe (January 1943). "The Spelling of Kenya". Journal of the Royal African Society. 42 (166): 42–44. JSTOR 717465.
  19. ^ a b "Kenya". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Gregory, J. W. (1894). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.--Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 50. Geological Society of London: 515–530. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36.
  21. ^ a b c d Reuter (8 July 1920). "British East Africa Annexed--"Kenya Colony"". News. The Times. No. 42457. London. p. 13. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help) Cite error: The named reference "times_kenya_colony" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. ^ Castro, Alfonso Peter (1995). Facing Kirinyaga. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-85339-253-7.
  23. ^ "East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (15 ed.). 2002. pp. 801, 1b. ISBN 0-85229-787-4.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h Shipton, Eric (1977) [1969]. That Untravelled World. Illustrations by Biro (2nd ed.). London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-21609-3.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g Shipton, Eric (1985). The Six Mountain-Travel Books. Introduction by Jim Perrin, Appendix by Charles Warren (1 ed.). London: Diadem Books. ISBN 0-906371-56-2.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv Dutton, E. A. T. (1929). Kenya Mountain. Introduction by Hilaire Belloc (1 ed.). London: Jonathan Cape.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Gregory, J. W. (1968) [1896]. The Great Rift Valley. Editorial adviser: John Ralph Willis (2 ed.). London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 0-7146-1812-8.
  28. ^ a b c d Gregory, J. W. (1894). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.--Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 50. Geological Society of London: 515–530. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36.
  29. ^ a b Gregory, J.W.; John Walter Gregory (1900). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 56. Geological Society of London: 205–222. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.12.
  30. ^ Benuzzi, Felice (2005) [1953]. No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb. The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-724-6.
  31. ^ Ojany, Francis F. (1993). "Mount Kenya and its environs: A review of the interaction between mountain and people in an equatorial setting". Mount Research and Development. 13 (3). International Mountain Society and United Nations University: 305–309. doi:10.2307/3673659. JSTOR 3673659.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide (Map) (1 ed.). 1:50000 with 1:25000 inset. Cartography by West Col Productions. Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage. 1991. ISBN 0-906227-39-9.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area (Map) (1st ed.). 1:125000. Geological Survey of Kenya. Cartography by B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya. Edward Stanford Ltd. 1966.

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