List of state leaders in 1531

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1531.

Africa

• Kingdom of Baguirmi – Birni Besse (1522–1536)
• Ethiopian Empire – Dawit II (1508–1540)
• Kingdom of Kongo – Alfonso I, Manikongo (1509–1542)
• Sennar Sultanate – Amara Dunqas (1503–1533/4)
• Songhai Empire –
  1. Askia Musa, Askia of the Songhai Empire (1528–1531)
  2. Askia Mohammad Benkan, Askia of the Songhai Empire (1531–1537)

Americas

• Inca Empire – Huáscar (1527–1532)
• Muisca Confederation
  • zipa - Tisquesusa (1514–1537)
  • zaque - Quemuenchatocha (1490–1538)

Asia

• Ahmadnagar Sultanate – Burhan Shah I (1510–1553)
• Ahom Kingdom – Suhungmung(1497–1539)
• China (Ming dynasty) - Jiajing Emperor (1521–1567)
• Kingdom of Cochin – Unniraman Koyikal II (1503–1537)
• Japan (Sengoku period)
  • Monarch – Emperor Go-Nara (1526–1557)
  • Ashikaga shogunate - Ashikaga Yoshiharu (1521–1546)
• Kengtung – Hpaya Kiao, ruled (1523–1560)
• Joseon (Korea) – Jungjong (1506–1544)
• Moghulistan – Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533)
• Mughal Empire – Humayun (1530–1539)
• Sultanate of Maguindanao – Sharif Kabungsuwan (1520–1543)
• Persia (Safavid Empire) - Tahmasp I (1525–1576)
• Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Sei (1527–1555)
• Sultanate of Sulu – Muizzul-Mutawadi-in (1527–1548)
• Tibet (Phagmodrupa dynasty) – Ngawang Tashi Drakpa (1499–1564)
• Vijayanagara Empire – Achyuta Deva Raya (1529–1542)

Europe

• Astrakhan Khanate – Qasim II of Astrakhan (1504–1532)
• Crimean Khanate – Saadet I Giray (1524–1532)
• Kingdom of Bohemia – Ferdinand I (1526–1564)
• Kingdom of Denmark–Norway – Frederick I (1523–1533)
  • Duchy of Schleswig – Christian III (1523–1559) and Frederick I (1490–1533) in condominial rule
• Kingdom of England – Henry VIII (1509–1547)
• Kingdom of France – Francis I (1515–1547)
• Holy Roman Empire – Charles V (1519–1556)
  • Duchy of Holstein – Christian III (1523–1559) and Frederick I (1490–1533) in condominial rule
  • Duchy of Mantua – Federico II (1500–1540)
  • Duchy of Milan – Francesco II Sforza (1525–1535)
  • Duchy of Savoy – Charles III (1504–1553)
• Malta – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (began rule of Malta in 1530)
• Duchy of the Archipelago (Naxos) – John IV Crispo (1517–1564)
• Polish–Lithuanian union – Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland (1506–1548)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566)
• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – John III (1521–1557)
• Grand Duchy of Moscow – Vasili III (1505–1533)
• Kingdom of Scotland – James V (1513–1542)
• Kingdom of Spain – Charles I (1516–1556)
• Kingdom of Sweden – Gustav I Vasa (1521–1560)
• Republic of Venice – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (1523–1538)