Jump to content

Hyperacusis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Loudness discomfort level)
Hyperacusis
Other namesHyperacousis
SpecialtyOtolaryngology
Differential diagnosisSensory processing disorder
TreatmentTinnitus Retraining Therapy or TRT, Round and Oval Window Reinforcement

Hyperacusis is an increased sensitivity to sound and a low tolerance for environmental noise. Definitions of hyperacusis can vary significantly; it often revolves around damage to or dysfunction of the stapes bone, stapedius muscle or tensor tympani (eardrum). It is often categorized into four subtypes: loudness, pain (also called noxacusis), annoyance, and fear.[1][2] It can be a highly debilitating hearing disorder.[3]

There are a variety of causes and risk factors, with the most common being exposure to loud noise.[1] It is often coincident with tinnitus.[1] Proposed mechanisms in the literature involve dysfunction in the brain, inner ear, or middle ear.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

Little is known about the prevalence of hyperacusis, in part due to the degree of variation in the term's definition.[1][10] Reported prevalence estimates in the literature vary widely, and further research is needed to obtain strong epidemiological data.[11] While there are no exact numbers, several people have died by suicide due to the severe consequences of the disease.[12]

Signs and symptoms

[edit]

Hyperacusis symptoms can include an increased perception of the loudness of sounds (loudness hyperacusis), pain (noxacusis/pain hyperacusis/sound-induced otalgia), annoyance, and/or fear in response to sounds by which most people are unaffected. It may affect one or both ears.[13] The majority of patients experience bilateral symptoms but often have one ear that is more affected than the other. Annoyance hyperacusis is often considered synonymous with misophonia. Fear hyperacusis is often considered synonymous with phonophobia. Many researchers more narrowly define hyperacusis to only include loudness hyperacusis and pain hyperacusis.[13]

Hyperacusis can also be accompanied by tinnitus. The latter is more common[14] and there are important differences between their involved mechanisms.[3]

Hyperacusis can result in anxiety and stress. Avoidant behavior is often a response to prevent the effects of hyperacusis and this can include avoiding social situations.[15]

Loudness hyperacusis

[edit]

Loudness hyperacusis is characterized by an increased perception of the loudness of sounds.[13] It is often associated with certain volumes and/or frequencies. It can occur in children[16] and adults,[17] and can be either "short-term" in a duration of weeks to less than a year before recovery, or, less commonly, "long-term," spanning years and in some cases becoming permanent. Sensitivity is often different between ears.[18]

Noxacusis

[edit]

In some instances, hyperacusis is accompanied by pain, which is known as noxacusis.[19] Noxacusis is characterized by pain resulting from sounds, often initiated at certain volumes or frequencies.[20] Pain can be immediate or delayed, and it sometimes persists for an extended period of time following exposure.[18] Pain can be acute or chronic, and is often described as stabbing, burning, throbbing, or aching. In healthy listeners, pain from sound is not typically experienced until the volume exceeds approximately 120 decibels.[13] [1]

Individuals experiencing noxacusis report less improvement over time and fewer benefits from sound therapy compared to individuals with loudness hyperacusis.[21]

Loudness discomfort level

[edit]

The threshold of sound at which discomfort is initially experienced; measured in decibels (dB).[22]

Setback

[edit]

A setback is a temporary exacerbation of symptoms, a worsening of the perception of loudness or pain from sound, often due to a particular noise exposure.[13] Setback prevention is an important focus among those affected. Efforts to avoid setbacks commonly include using hearing protection and avoiding loud noises.[18] Pain hyperacusis patients experience setbacks more frequently than patients with loudness hyperacusis.[13]

Associated conditions

[edit]

Some conditions that are associated with hyperacusis include:[23][24]

Causes and risk factors

[edit]

The most common cause of hyperacusis is overexposure to excessively high decibel (sound pressure) levels, which can cause acoustic trauma.[1] An acoustic shock, which can lead to symptoms such as hyperacusis and ear pain, can also occur after exposure to an unexpected moderately loud to loud noise, even if this does not necessarily result in permanent cochlear damage.[7]

Some affected people acquire hyperacusis suddenly as a result of taking ototoxic drugs (which can damage the cells responsible for hearing), Lyme disease, Ménière's disease, head injury, or surgery. Others are born with sound sensitivity or develop superior canal dehiscence syndrome.[33] Bell's palsy can trigger hyperacusis if the associated flaccid paralysis affects the tensor tympani, and stapedius, two small muscles of the middle ear.[34] Paralysis of the stapedius muscle prevents its function in dampening the oscillations of the ossicles, causing sound to be abnormally loud on the affected side.[35] Age may also be a significant factor, with younger patients exhibiting more severe hyperacusis.[11]

Recently, it has been discovered that individuals with one copy of the GJB2 (Cx26) genetic mutation exhibit hearing that is more sensitive than average, akin to hyperacusis. These individuals appear to be at greater risk for damage from noise.[36]

Some psychoactive drugs such as LSD, methaqualone, benzodiazepines, or phencyclidine can cause hyperacusis.[11][37] An antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, has also been seen to be a cause, known as ciprofloxacin-related hyperacusis.[38] Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is also a possible cause.[39][40]

Epidemiology

[edit]

Prevalence estimates for hyperacusis vary widely in the literature, and further epidemiological data is needed. No gender differences have yet been established among hyperacusis patients. Hyperacusis appears to be more severe in younger patients.[11]

Possible mechanisms

[edit]

Loudness hyperacusis

[edit]

As one possible mechanism, adaptation processes in the auditory brain that influence the dynamic range of neural responses are assumed to be distorted by irregular input from the inner ear. This is mainly caused by hearing loss related damage in the inner ear.[4] The mechanism behind hyperacusis is not currently known, but it is suspected to be caused by damage to the inner ear and cochlea.

Noxacusis

[edit]

Inner ear theory

[edit]

Type II afferent fibers of the cochlear nerve are not responsible for hearing like the type I afferent fibers. They are thought to be cochlear pain neurons. Gain of function of these type II afferent fibers may be caused by a flood of ATP after hair cell damage.[5][6] Now sensitized, they react to the small amount of ATP released during the normal process of hearing. This may result in pain.[5][6]

Middle ear theory

[edit]

Noreña et al. (2018) propose a model that may account for sound-induced pain and a constellation of other symptoms often experienced after an acoustic shock, acoustic trauma, and potentially other mechanisms of auditory damage. Symptoms may include a sense of fullness in the ear, tinnitus, and dizziness.[7][8]

The model details how symptoms may be initiated by tensor tympani muscle damage or overload due to acoustic shock or trauma. Hypercontraction or hyperactivity of the muscle may cause an "ATP energy crisis." The muscle is then forced to create energy without sufficient oxygen, which results in the release of lactic acid into the middle ear space. This acidity can activate pain-sensing neurons. Muscle relaxation requires energy in the form of ATP. In the setting of low ATP, it is more difficult for the muscle to relax, which causes the cycle to continue. Via a cascade of events, the activated pain neurons can cause neurogenic inflammation, which may lead to additional pain. In this way, a "vicious circle" is created.[7][9]

Pain from sound sometimes radiates to the face, scalp, and neck. This may be due to the trigeminocervical complex in the brainstem, which integrates input from and output to various regions of the head and neck, including the middle ear. Of note, the tensor tympani muscle is innervated by the trigeminal nerve. The model also explains how whiplash injuries, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and other conditions affecting the head and neck regions may influence the function of the tensor tympani muscle and contribute to ear symptoms such as pain hyperacusis.[7][8][9]

Diagnosis

[edit]
Loudness discomfort levels (LDLs): group data of hyperacusis patients without hearing loss. Upper line: average hearing thresholds. Lower long line: LDLs of this group. Lower short line: LDLs of a reference group with normal hearing.[41]

The basic diagnostic test is similar to a normal audiogram. The difference is that, in addition to the hearing threshold at each test frequency, the lowest uncomfortable sound level is also measured. This level is called loudness discomfort level (LDL) or uncomfortable loudness level (ULL). In patients with hyperacusis this level is often considerably lower than in normal subjects, and usually across most parts of the auditory spectrum.[1][41] However, there is not a consensus regarding what constitutes a normal LDL. The relationship between LDL's and self-reported ability to tolerate sounds in everyday life in unclear.[42]

In addition to self-report questionnaires, audiologists may employ a variety of other techniques to evaluate auditory function in patients experiencing noise sensitivity. When conducting testing that involves the presentation of sounds, which may cause the patient discomfort or pain, it is vital to inform the patient of the volume and duration of sounds to be presented prior to testing. Care should be taken to begin with sounds of low volume, and volume should be increased gradually. The audiologist and patient should both be prepared to stop testing at any time, depending on the patient's symptoms.[42]

Management and treatment

[edit]

There are currently no evidence-based guidelines regarding the treatment of patients with hyperacusis. The majority of audiologists report insufficient formal education in this area, likely due in part to the current lack of consensus in the literature regarding definitions and treatment of hyperacusis.[43]

Avoidance and hearing protection

[edit]
Hyperacusis patient wearing ear protection

Setback prevention and reduction of pain symptoms are high priorities among those with hyperacusis and noxacusis, which is often managed through a combination of controlling the environment so as to avoid loud sounds, soundproofing, and wearing hearing protection, such as earplugs and safety earmuffs.[44][45] Preliminary research has shown that individuals with pain hyperacusis can experience an exacerbation of their symptoms when not adequately protecting themselves against loud sounds.[18]

There are diametrically opposing views on avoiding overuse of hearing protection and silence. Some audiologists may advise against using hearing protection in normal sound environments, claiming it can cause or worsen hyperacusis. This is based on a study in healthy volunteers and not individuals with preexisting loudness or pain hyperacusis.[46]

Sound therapy

[edit]

Sound therapy is sometimes recommended for those with hyperacusis, though there is limited evidence supporting its use.[47] Its application among those with pain (noxacusis) should be used with caution. Tinnitus retraining therapy, a treatment originally used to treat tinnitus, uses broadband noise to treat hyperacusis. Pink noise can also be used to treat hyperacusis. By listening to broadband noise at soft levels for a disciplined period of time each day, some patients can rebuild (i.e., re-establish) their tolerances to sound.[2][48][49][50] More research is needed on the efficacy of sound therapy techniques when hyperacusis is the primary complaint, rather than a secondary symptom, indicating that "no strong conclusions can be made" about its efficacy at this time.[16] Importantly, individuals with pain hyperacusis are more likely than individuals with loudness hyperacusis to report worsening of their condition after the use of sound therapy.[21]

Cognitive behavioral therapy

[edit]

Another possible treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which may also be combined with sound therapy.[23][51] However, randomized controlled trials with active control groups are still needed to establish the effectiveness of CBT for hyperacusis[52] and the usefulness of CBT for noxacusis is not yet demonstrated in the scientific literature.

Surgery

[edit]

Studies have shown improved loudness discomfort levels in patients with hyperacusis after round and oval window reinforcement.[16]

A case of chronic ear pain associated with hyperacusis after exposure to loud noise at a concert was successfully treated with tympanic neurectomy.[53]

Anecdotal medication data

[edit]

Patient activists are tracking anecdotal outcomes of certain medications."Medication and botox spreadsheet". Retrieved 2024-10-31. The tricyclic anti-depressant clomipramine (brand name Anafranil) has been anecdotally useful for many people with hyperacusis. Both loudness hyperacusis and noxacusis have been successfully treated with this drug. A dosage of up to 200–250 mg daily for a sustained period of six to twelve months may be needed to cure hyperacusis. A possible mechanism of action of this drug is that clomipramine reduces reactions of the autonomic nervous system to sounds.[54]

The drug ambroxol helps relieve the pain experienced by several pain hyperacusis patients.

Treatment for suicidal thoughts

[edit]

Suicidal ideations are a risk factor in hyperacusis patients. Hashir et al. (2019) interviewed 292 patients and found that 15.75% had expressed suicidal ideations in the previous two weeks of the study. They recommend screening for these issues.[55]

Society and culture

[edit]
  • Musician Jason DiEmilio, who recorded under the name Azusa Plane, had hyperacusis and ultimately went on to die by suicide due in part to his sensitivity to noise.[56]
  • Dietrich Hectors, a hyperacusis sufferer in Belgium, took his life in 2009, after years of struggling with catastrophic hyperacusis and tinnitus.[12][57] A local government in Belgium made a short film based on his life to warn others of the dangers of hyperacusis and tinnitus.[58]
  • Musician Stephin Merritt has monaural hyperacusis in his left ear, which influences the instrumentation of his band, The Magnetic Fields, leads him to wear earplugs during performances and to cover his affected ear during audience applause.[59]
  • Vladimir Lenin, the Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist, was reported seriously ill by the latter half of 1921, having hyperacusis and symptoms such as regular headache and insomnia.[60]
  • Musician Peter Silberman of The Antlers had hyperacusis and tinnitus which put his musical career on hold, until the conditions reduced down to a "manageable level".[61]
  • Racing driver Wolfgang Reip developed severe hyperacusis after several noise traumas during his racing career.[62]
  • Ludwig van Beethoven possibly suffered from hyperacusis alongside his hearing loss. In a letter, he wrote: "As soon as anybody shouts, I can't bear it. Heaven alone knows what is to become of me."[63]
  • British writer Linda Stratmann suffers from hyperacusis and reports noises "cut through her like a scalpel."[64]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Tyler RS, Pienkowski M, Roncancio ER, Jun HJ, Brozoski T, Dauman N, et al. (December 2014). "A review of hyperacusis and future directions: part I. Definitions and manifestations". American Journal of Audiology. 23 (4): 402–419. doi:10.1044/2014_AJA-14-0010. PMID 25104073.
  2. ^ a b Pienkowski M, Tyler RS, Roncancio ER, Jun HJ, Brozoski T, Dauman N, et al. (December 2014). "A review of hyperacusis and future directions: part II. Measurement, mechanisms, and treatment" (PDF). American Journal of Audiology. 23 (4): 420–36. doi:10.1044/2014_AJA-13-0037. PMID 25478787. S2CID 449625. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-09.
  3. ^ a b Knipper M, Van Dijk P, Nunes I, Rüttiger L, Zimmermann U (December 2013). "Advances in the neurobiology of hearing disorders: recent developments regarding the basis of tinnitus and hyperacusis". Progress in Neurobiology. 111: 17–33. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.08.002. PMID 24012803.
  4. ^ a b Brotherton H, Plack CJ, Maslin M, Schaette R, Munro KJ (2015). "Pump up the volume: could excessive neural gain explain tinnitus and hyperacusis?". Audiology & Neuro-Otology. 20 (4): 273–282. doi:10.1159/000430459. PMID 26139435. S2CID 32159259.
  5. ^ a b c Liu C, Glowatzki E, Fuchs PA (November 2015). "Unmyelinated type II afferent neurons report cochlear damage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (47): 14723–14727. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214723L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1515228112. PMC 4664349. PMID 26553995.
  6. ^ a b c Flores, Emma N.; Duggan, Anne; Madathany, Thomas; Hogan, Ann K.; Márquez, Freddie; Kumar, Gagan; Seal, Rebecca; Edwards, Robert; Liberman, M. Charles; García-Añoveros, Jaime (2015-03-02). "A Non-canonical Pathway from Cochlea to Brain Signals Tissue-damaging Noise". Current Biology. 25 (5): 606–612. Bibcode:2015CBio...25..606F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.009. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 4348215. PMID 25639244.
  7. ^ a b c d e Noreña, Arnaud (2018). "An Integrative Model Accounting for the Symptom Cluster Triggered After an Acoustic Shock". Trends in Hearing. 22. doi:10.1177/2331216518801725. PMC 6156190. PMID 30249168. S2CID 52815107.
  8. ^ a b c Fournier, Philippe; Paleressompoulle, Dany; Esteve Fraysse, Marie-José; Paolino, Fabien; Devèze, Arnaud; Venail, Frédéric; Noreña, Arnaud (2022-09-01). "Exploring the middle ear function in patients with a cluster of symptoms including tinnitus, hyperacusis, ear fullness and/or pain". Hearing Research. 422: 108519. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2022.108519. ISSN 1878-5891. PMID 35644108.
  9. ^ a b c Fournier, Philippe; Paquette, Sébastien; Paleressompoulle, Dany; Paolino, Fabien; Devèze, Arnaud; Noreña, Arnaud (July 2022). "Contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles explored by tympanometry and pressure measurement in the external auditory canal". Hearing Research. 420: 108509. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2022.108509. ISSN 1878-5891. PMID 35568596.
  10. ^ Rosing SN, Schmidt JH, Wedderkopp N, Baguley DM (June 2016). "Prevalence of tinnitus and hyperacusis in children and adolescents: a systematic review". BMJ Open. 6 (6): e010596. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010596. PMC 4893873. PMID 27259524.
  11. ^ a b c d Musumano, Lucia Belen; Hatzopoulos, Stavros; Fancello, Virginia; Bianchini, Chiara; Bellini, Tiziana; Pelucchi, Stefano; Skarżyński, Piotr Henryk; Skarżyńska, Magdalena B.; Ciorba, Andrea (2023-10-21). "Hyperacusis: Focus on Gender Differences: A Systematic Review". Life. 13 (10): 2092. Bibcode:2023Life...13.2092M. doi:10.3390/life13102092. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 10608418. PMID 37895473.
  12. ^ a b "Noise Kills: When Everyday Sound Becomes Torture". medium.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Williams, Zachary J.; Suzman, Evan; Woynaroski, Tiffany G. (2021-06-14). "A Phenotypic Comparison of Loudness and Pain Hyperacusis: Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Associated Features in a Multinational Patient Registry". American Journal of Audiology. 30 (2): 341–358. doi:10.1044/2021_aja-20-00209. ISSN 1059-0889. PMC 8642094. PMID 33877881.
  14. ^ "Hyperacusis". British Tinnitus Association. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  15. ^ Henry, James A.; Theodoroff, Sarah M.; Edmonds, Catherine; Martinez, Idalisse; Myers, Paula J.; Zaugg, Tara L.; Goodworth, Marie-Christine (September 2022). "Sound Tolerance Conditions (Hyperacusis, Misophonia, Noise Sensitivity, and Phonophobia): Definitions and Clinical Management". American Journal of Audiology. 31 (3): 513–527. doi:10.1044/2022_aja-22-00035. ISSN 1059-0889. PMID 35858241.
  16. ^ a b c Potgieter, I. (June 29, 2020). "Hyperacusis in children: a scoping review". BMC Pediatr. 20, 319 (1): 319. doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02223-5. PMC 7322835. PMID 32600446.
  17. ^ Fackrell, Kathryn; Potgieter, Iskra; Shekhawat, Giriraj S.; Baguley, David M.; Sereda, Magdalena; Hoare, Derek J. (2017). "Clinical Interventions for Hyperacusis in Adults: A Scoping Review to Assess the Current Position and Determine Priorities for Research". BioMed Research International. 2017: 1–22. doi:10.1155/2017/2723715. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 5654244. PMID 29312994.
  18. ^ a b c d Pollard, Bryan (October 2019). "Clinical Advancements for Managing Hyperacusis with Pain". The Hearing Journal. 72 (10): 10, 12. doi:10.1097/01.HJ.0000602900.16223.0e. S2CID 208398632.
  19. ^ Auerbach, Benjamin (January 1, 2019). "Physiological mechanisms of hyperacusis: an update". ENT and Audiology News. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  20. ^ Sheldrake, Jacqueline (May 15, 2015). "Audiometric Characteristics of Hyperacusis Patents". Frontiers in Neurology. 6: 105. doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00105. PMC 4432660. PMID 26029161.
  21. ^ a b Williams, Zachary J.; Suzman, Evan; Woynaroski, Tiffany G. (2021-06-14). "A Phenotypic Comparison of Loudness and Pain Hyperacusis: Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Associated Features in a Multinational Patient Registry". American Journal of Audiology. 30 (2): 341–358. doi:10.1044/2021_AJA-20-00209. ISSN 1059-0889. PMC 8642094. PMID 33877881.
  22. ^ Deihl, Peter (July 15, 2015). "Abnormal auditory gain in hyperacusis: investigation with a computational model". Frontiers in Neurology. 6: 157. doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00157. PMC 4502361. PMID 26236277.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Baguley DM (December 2003). "Hyperacusis". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (12): 582–585. doi:10.1177/014107680309601203. PMC 539655. PMID 14645606.
  24. ^ Danesh, Ali A.; Howery, Stephanie; Aazh, Hashir; Kaf, Wafaa; Eshraghi, Adrien A. (2021-10-14). "Hyperacusis in Autism Spectrum Disorders". Audiology Research. 11 (4): 547–556. doi:10.3390/audiolres11040049. ISSN 2039-4349. PMC 8544234. PMID 34698068.
  25. ^ Ralli M, Romani M, Zodda A, Russo FY, Altissimi G, Orlando MP, et al. (April 2020). "Hyperacusis in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Preliminary Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (9): 3045. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093045. PMC 7246428. PMID 32349379.
  26. ^ Møller A (2011). Textbook of tinnitus. Totowa, N.J. London: Humana Springer distributor. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-60761-145-5.
  27. ^ Baguley D (2007). Hyperacusis : mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapies. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing Inc. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-59756-808-1.
  28. ^ Granacher R (2008). Traumatic brain injury: methods for clinical and forensic neuropsychiatric assessment. Boca Raton, Fla. London: CRC Taylor & Francis distributor. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8493-8139-3.
  29. ^ Montoya-Aranda IM, Peñaloza-López YR, Gutiérrez-Tinajero DJ (2010). "Sjögren's syndrome: Audiological and clinical behaviour in terms of age". Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition). 61 (5): 332–337. doi:10.1016/S2173-5735(10)70061-2. ISSN 2173-5735. PMID 20678744.
  30. ^ Maciaszczyk K, Durko T, Waszczykowska E, Erkiert-Polguj A, Pajor A (February 2011). "Auditory function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus". Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 38 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2010.04.008. PMID 20576373.
  31. ^ Desnick R (2001). Tay–Sachs disease. San Diego, CA, USA; London: Academic. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-08-049030-4.
  32. ^ Zarchi O, Attias J, Gothelf D (2010). "Auditory and visual processing in Williams syndrome". The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 47 (2): 125–131. PMID 20733255.
  33. ^ Suzuki, Mitsuya; Ota, Yasushi; Takanami, Taro; Yoshino, Ryosuke; Masuda, Hiroaki (2023-08-26). "Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: A review". Auris Nasus Larynx. 51 (1): 113–119. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2023.08.004. ISSN 0385-8146. PMID 37640595. S2CID 261306199.
  34. ^ Purves D (2012). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-87893-695-3.
  35. ^ Carpenter MB (1985). Core text of neuroanatomy (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-683-01455-6.
  36. ^ Liu, Li-Man; Liang, Chun; Chen, Jin; Fang, Shu; Zhao, Hong-Bo (2023). "Cx26 heterozygous mutations cause hyperacusis-like hearing oversensitivity and increase susceptibility to noise". Science Advances. 9 (6): eadf4144. Bibcode:2023SciA....9F4144L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf4144. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9908021. PMID 36753545.
  37. ^ Barceloux D (2012). Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse : Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 457, 507, and 616. ISBN 978-1-118-10605-1.
  38. ^ "Ciprofloxacin Related Hyperacusis". FDA Reports. 2017.
  39. ^ Beeley L (June 1991). "Benzodiazepines and tinnitus". BMJ. 302 (6790): 1465. doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1465. PMC 1670117. PMID 2070121.
  40. ^ Lader M (June 1994). "Anxiolytic drugs: dependence, addiction and abuse". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 4 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1016/0924-977x(94)90001-9. PMID 7919947. S2CID 44711894.
  41. ^ a b Sheldrake J, Diehl PU, Schaette R (2015). "Audiometric characteristics of hyperacusis patients". Frontiers in Neurology. 6: 105. doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00105. PMC 4432660. PMID 26029161.
  42. ^ a b Jahn, Kelly N. (July 2022). "Clinical and investigational tools for monitoring noise-induced hyperacusis". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 152 (1): 553–566. Bibcode:2022ASAJ..152..553J. doi:10.1121/10.0012684. ISSN 0001-4966. PMC 9448410. PMID 35931527.
  43. ^ Jahn, Kelly N.; Koach, Chelsea E. (2023-11-02). "Hyperacusis Diagnosis and Management in the United States: Clinical Audiology Practice Patterns". American Journal of Audiology. 32 (4): 950–61. doi:10.1044/2023_aja-23-00118. ISSN 1059-0889. PMC 11001428. PMID 37917915. S2CID 264972147.
  44. ^ "8 Ways to Manage Migraine Sound Sensitivity — Besides Shushing Others". migraineagain.com. January 5, 2023.
  45. ^ hyperacusiscentral (2023-04-19). "Silence is Bliss With a Few Home Adjustments - Hyperacusis Central". hyperacusiscentral.org. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  46. ^ Formby, C.; Sherlock, L. P.; Gold, S. L. (July 2003). "Adaptive plasticity of loudness induced by chronic attenuation and enhancement of the acoustic background". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 114 (1): 55–58. Bibcode:2003ASAJ..114...55F. doi:10.1121/1.1582860. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 12880017.
  47. ^ Kalsoom, Nighat (2024). "Current Recommendations for the Use of Sound Therapy in Adults with Hyperacusis: A Scoping Review". Brain Sc. 14 (797): 797. doi:10.3390/brainsci14080797. PMC 11352218. PMID 39199489.
  48. ^ Lindsey H (August 2014). "Help for Hyperacusis: Treatments Turn Down Discomfort". The Hearing Journal. 67 (8): 22. doi:10.1097/01.HJ.0000453391.20357.f7. ISSN 0745-7472.
  49. ^ Formby C, Hawley ML, Sherlock LP, Gold S, Payne J, Brooks R, et al. (May 2015). "A Sound Therapy-Based Intervention to Expand the Auditory Dynamic Range for Loudness among Persons with Sensorineural Hearing Losses: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial". Seminars in Hearing. 36 (2): 77–110. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1546958. PMC 4906300. PMID 27516711.
  50. ^ Fagelson M, Baguley DM (2018). Hyperacusis and Disorders of Sound Intolerance Clinical and Research Perspectives. Plural Publishing. pp. C15, C16. ISBN 978-1-94488-328-7.
  51. ^ Aazh H, Moore BC, Lammaing K, Cropley M (September 2016). "Tinnitus and hyperacusis therapy in a UK National Health Service audiology department: Patients' evaluations of the effectiveness of treatments". International Journal of Audiology. 55 (9): 514–22. doi:10.1080/14992027.2016.1178400. PMC 4950421. PMID 27195947.
  52. ^ Aazh, Hashir; Landgrebe, Michael; Danesh, Ali A.; Moore, Brian Cj (2019). "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Alleviating The Distress Caused By Tinnitus, Hyperacusis And Misophonia: Current Perspectives". Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 12: 991–1002. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S179138. ISSN 1179-1578. PMC 6817772. PMID 31749641.
  53. ^ Ally, Munira; Moinie, Ahmad; Lomas, Joan; Borsetto, Daniele; Mochloulis, George; Bance, Manohar; Boscolo-Rizzo, Paolo; Vijendren, Ananth (2022-09-26). "Aetiology and management options for secondary referred otalgia: a systematic review and meta-analyses". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 280 (1): 47–59. doi:10.1007/s00405-022-07638-7. hdl:11368/3030424. ISSN 0937-4477. PMID 36163556. S2CID 252541522.
  54. ^ Zahn, Theodore P.; Insel, Thomas R.; Murphy, Dennis L. (July 1984). "Psychophysiological Changes during Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 145 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1192/bjp.145.1.39. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 6378303.
  55. ^ Aazh, Hashir; Landgrebe, Michael; Danesh, Ali (2019). "Parental Mental Illness in Childhood as a Risk Factor for Suicidal and Self-Harm Ideations in Adults Seeking Help for Tinnitus and/or Hyperacusis". American Journal of Audiology. 28 (3): 527–33. doi:10.1044/2019_AJA-18-0059. PMID 31184510. S2CID 184486189 – via ASHAWIRE.
  56. ^ Cohen J (15 March 2013). "When Everyday Sound Becomes Torture". Buzz Feed.
  57. ^ "Farewell Letter from Dietrich Hectors". hyperacusiscentral.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  58. ^ "Minister Schauvliege stelt kortfilm Ruis voor : gehoorschade" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  59. ^ Wilson C (2012-03-05). "The return of indie pop's favorite crank". Salon. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  60. ^ Shub 1966, p. 426; Rice 1990, p. 187; Service 2000, p. 435.
  61. ^ Brodsky R (24 February 2017). "How Peter Silberman Lost His Hearing, Then Rediscovered Sound". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  62. ^ Treworgy, David (2022-02-24). "Champion Racing Driver Wolfgang Reip Announces Battle with Severe Hyperacusis". Hyperacusis Research. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  63. ^ Huxtable, Ryan (February 2000). "The deafness of Beethoven: A paradigm of hearing problems". Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society. 43: 1–8. PMID 11056941.
  64. ^ "Man does dishes for wife because sound of it is too painful for her". metro.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperacusis&oldid=1254549740#Loudness_discomfort_level_(LDL)"