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Macrocarpaea

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Macrocarpaea
A single M. apparata flower
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Gentianaceae
Tribe: Helieae
Genus: Macrocarpaea
(Griseb.) Gilg
Species

See species list below.

Macrocarpaea apparata inflorescence

The genus Macrocarpaea, with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of Macrocarpaea have diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, visited during the day by hummingbirds, insects and butterflies, and at night by bats, moths and many different kinds of insects. The common name for the genus is 'Moon-gentian'. No species are known in cultivation.

Characteristics

Species of this genus have white, cream, yellow to green flowers. Most have a large, open campanulate to funnel-form corolla adapted to nocturnal bat pollination. This genus is one of the few of the gentian family that have species with hairs on their leaves.

Distribution

Macrocarpaea has a relatively broad distribution in mountainous regions of the Neotropics. The Neotropics comprise the tropical parts of the New World in Mesoamerica and South America. The gentian tribe Helieae, to which Macrocarpaea belongs is restricted to the Neotropics. The overall distribution pattern of Macrocarpaea is typical of many Neotropical taxa. The genus is basically found in five major geographic regions: the Andes [ranging from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, to Bolivia] (85 species), southern Mesoamerica [Costa Rica and Panama] (6 species), the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean [Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica] (3 species), the Pantepui of the Guayana Shield [Venezuela, and adjacent regions in Brazil and Guyana] (6 species), and southeastern Brazil (5 species).

Highlighted species

Macrocarpaea dies-viridis "Named for the American punk rock music group Green Day, whose music we listened to, especially while driving to localities throughout Ecuador during out 2006 expedition". Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 11(2): 132. 2007. The common name for the plant is "the Green Day moon-gentian".

Macrocarpaea apparata Named for the verb to apparate, made popular in the book Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling (1998) "When we first found this new species, we could only find sterile individuals. After looking all afternoon, and only just before dusk, we finally found several flowering plants that seem to have 'apparated' in front of us, appearing out of nowhere." Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 66. 2003. The common name is the "Apparating moon-gentian". See photos to the right.

Macrocarpaea pringleana Named to honour Dr. James Pringle, Plant Taxonomist at Canada's Royal Botanical Gardens in Hamilton and Burlington, Ontario. Dr. Pringle has contributed extensively over a very long and distinguished career to both the systematics of the Gentian family and to floras of South America. Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 9(1): 11-49.

Species

Catalogue of hybrids

References

  • Carlquist, S. 1984. Wood anatomy of some Gentianaceae: Systematic and Ecological Conclusions. Aliso 10(4): 573-582.
  • Carlquist and J.R. Grant. 2005. Wood anatomy of Gentianaceae, tribe Helieae: Diversification in relation to ecology, habit, and systematics; the effect of sample diameter. Brittonia 57(3): 276-291.
  • Ewan, J.
    • 1948. A revision of 'Macrocarpaea', a neotropical genus of shrubby gentians. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29: 209-250.
    • 1950. New records of neotropical Gentianaceae. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63: 163-166.
    • 1951. New records of neotropical Gentianaceae-II. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 64: 131-134.
  • Gilg, E. 1895. Gentianaceae. Pg 50–108 of A. Engler and K. Prantl, Eds., Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 4(2). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
  • Grant, J.R.
    • 2003. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis II: Typification of the Ruiz & Pavon names. Harvard Papers in Botany 7(2): 423-436.
    • 2004. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis V: Twenty-three new species largely from Peru, and typification of all species in the genus. Harvard Papers in Botany 9(1): 11-49.
    • 2005a. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VI: seed morphology, palynology, an infrageneric classification, and another twenty-three new species, largely from Colombia. Harvard Papers in Botany 9(2): 305-342.
    • 2005b. Seed and pollen morphology of the Neotropical moon-gentians (Macrocarpaea: Gentianaceae). P1148. XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria. 17–23 July 2005. Abstracts. P. 420. Robidruck, Vienna.
    • 2007. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VII: four new species and two natural hybrids. Harvard Papers in Botany 11(2): 129-139.
    • 2008. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VIII: two new species from Ecuador. Harvard Papers in Botany 13(2): 253-259.
  • Grant, J.R. and L. Struwe.
    • 2000. Morphological evolution and neotropical biogeography in 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae: Helieae). American Journal of Botany 87 (suppl.): 131.
    • 2001. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis I: An introduction to the genus 'Macrocarpaea' and three new species from Colombia, Ecuador, and Guyana. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 489-498.
    • 2003. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis III: Six new species of moon-gentians (Macrocarpaea, Gentianaceae: Helieae) from Parque Nacional Podocarpus, Ecuador. Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 61-81.
  • Grant, J.R. and R.E. Weaver. 2003. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis IV: Twelve new species of 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae: Helieae) from Central and South America, and the first report of the presence of a stipule in the family. Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 83-109.
  • Grisebach, A. H. R. 1839 [1838]. Genera et Species Gentianarum. Stuttgart.
  • Nilsson, S. 1968. Pollen morphology in the genus 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae) and its taxonomical significance. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 62: 338-364.
  • Struwe, L., and V. A. Albert. Eds. 2002. Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  • Thiv, M., and J. R. Grant. 2002. 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae) in: Flora de la República de Cuba, Fasc. 6(1): 23-26.
  • Weaver, R. E.
    • 1969. Cytotaxonomic notes on some neotropical Gentianaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 439-443.
    • 1972b. The genus 'Macrocarpaea' in Costa Rica. J. Arnold Arb. 53: 553-557.
    • 1974. The reduction of 'Rusbyanthus' and the tribe Rusbyantheae (Gentianaceae). J. Arnold Arb. 55: 300-302.
  • Weaver, R. E., and L. Rüdenberg. 1975. Cytotaxonomic notes on some Gentianaceae. J. Arnold Arb. 56(2): 211-222.
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