# Magnetic dip

Illustration of magnetic dip from Norman's book, The Newe Attractive

Magnetic dip, dip angle, or magnetic inclination is the angle made with the horizontal by the Earth's magnetic field lines. This angle varies at different points on the Earth's surface. Positive values of inclination indicate that the magnetic field of the Earth is pointing downward, into the Earth, at the point of measurement, and negative values indicate that it is pointing upward. The dip angle is in principle the angle made by the needle of a vertically held compass, though in practice ordinary compass needles may be weighted against dip or may be unable to move freely in the correct plane. The value can be measured more reliably with a special instrument typically known as a dip circle.

Dip angle was discovered by the engineer Georg Hartmann in 1544.[1] A method of measuring it with a dip circle was described by Robert Norman in England in 1581.[2]

## Explanation

Isoclinic lines for the year 2015.

Magnetic dip results from the tendency of a magnet to align itself with lines of magnetic field. As the Earth's magnetic field lines are not parallel to the surface, the north end of a compass needle will point downward in the northern hemisphere (positive dip) or upward in the southern hemisphere (negative dip). The range of dip is from -90 degrees (at the South Magnetic Pole) to +90 degrees (at the North Magnetic Pole).[3] Contour lines along which the dip measured at the Earth's surface is equal are referred to as isoclinic lines. The locus of the points having zero dip is called the magnetic equator or aclinic line.[4]

## Calculation for a given latitude

The inclination ${\displaystyle I}$ is defined locally for the magnetic field due to the Earth's core, and has a positive value if the field points below the horizontal (ie into the Earth). Here we show how to determine the value of ${\displaystyle I}$ at a given latitude, following the treatment given by Fowler.[5]

Outside Earth's core we consider Maxwell's equations in a vacuum, ${\displaystyle \nabla \times {\textbf {H}}_{c}={\textbf {0}}}$ and ${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot {\textbf {B}}_{c}=0}$ where ${\displaystyle {\textbf {B}}_{c}=\mu _{0}{\textbf {H}}_{c}}$ and the subscript ${\displaystyle c}$ denotes the core as the origin of these fields. The first means we can introduce the scalar potential ${\displaystyle \phi _{c}}$ such that ${\displaystyle {\textbf {H}}_{c}=-\nabla \phi _{c}}$, while the second means the potential satisfies the Laplace equation ${\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\phi _{c}=0}$.

Solving to leading order gives the magnetic dipole potential

${\displaystyle \phi _{c}={\frac {{\textbf {m}}\cdot {\textbf {r}}}{4\pi r^{3}}}}$

and hence the field

${\displaystyle {\textbf {B}}_{c}=-\mu _{o}\nabla \phi _{c}={\frac {\mu _{o}}{4\pi }}{\big [}{\frac {3{\hat {\textbf {r}}}({\hat {\textbf {r}}}\cdot {\textbf {m}})-{\textbf {m}}}{r^{3}}}{\big ]}}$

for magnetic moment ${\displaystyle {\textbf {m}}}$ and position vector ${\displaystyle {\textbf {r}}}$ on the Earth's surface. From here it can be shown that the inclination ${\displaystyle I}$ as defined above satisfies (from ${\displaystyle \tan I=B_{r}/B_{\theta }}$)

${\displaystyle \tan I=2\tan \lambda }$

where ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ is the latitude of the point on the Earth's surface.

## Practical importance

The phenomenon is especially important in aviation, as it causes the airplane's compass to give erroneous readings during banked turns and airspeed changes. The latter errors occur because the compass card tilts on its mount when under acceleration.[6]

Compass needles are often weighted during manufacture to compensate for magnetic dip, so that they will balance roughly horizontally. This balancing is latitude-dependent; see Compass balancing (magnetic dip).

5. ^ Fowler, C. M. R. (20 December 2004). "The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics". Higher Education from Cambridge University Press. p. 49. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511819643. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)