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Malmedy massacre

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United States soldiers discover the aftermath of the Malmedy Massacre.

The Malmedy massacre refers to a war crime in which unarmed American prisoners of war were executed by their German captors. The massacre was committed on December 17, 1944 by Kampfgruppe Peiper (part of the 1st SS Panzer Division), a German combat unit, during the Battle of the Bulge.

This massacre, as well as others committed by the same unit the same day and on the following days, was the subject of a trial during the Dachau Trials of 1946.

Context

The route followed by the Kampfgruppe Peiper - The crossroads of Baugnez where the Malmedy massacre happened is surrounded by a circle

Within the framework of plans developed by Hitler for what would become known as the Battle of the Bulge, the principal objective of breaking through Allied lines had been given to the 6th SS Panzer Army under the command of General Sepp Dietrich. He was supposed to break the Allied front between Monschau and Losheimergraben, cross the Meuse River and subsequently capture Antwerp.[1][2] Kampfgruppe Peiper composed of armoured and motorized elements, was the spearhead of the left wing of the 6th SS Panzer Army. Once the infantry had breached the American lines, Peiper’s role consisted of advancing via Ligneuville, Stavelot, Trois-Ponts and Werbomont and seize and secure the Meuse bridges around Huy.[2][3][4]

The best roads were reserved for the bulk of the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. It was intended that Peiper use secondary roads, but they proved to be unsuitable for heavy armoured vehicles such as the Tiger II tanks attached to the Kampfgruppe.[2][3][4]

The success of the whole operation was highly dependent on the swift capture of the bridges over the river Meuse. This required a rapid advance through US positions, circumventing any points of resistance whenever possible. Another factor that Peiper had to consider was the shortage of gasoline: the fuel resources of the Reich had been greatly reduced since the fall of Romania.[3]

Finally within this context one should not lose sight of the fact that specific orders were given by Hitler that the battle needed to be carried out with brutality in order to scare the enemy.[2] Sepp Dietrich confirmed the fact during the trial relative to this case.[5] According to certain sources, during the briefings preceding the operation, Peiper clearly stated that no quarter should be granted, not to take prisoners and to show no pity towards the Belgian civilians.[5]

Peiper's break out and first massacres

File:PeiperSS.jpg
Joachim Peiper

Right from the start, German operations on the northern front did not go smoothly because of obstinate resistance by American troops. Peiper had hoped to be able to exploit an opening as early as the morning of December 16 - the first day of the offensive. In reality, he had to wait in massive traffic jams behind the front while the German infantry, which was supposed to open a breach in the US lines, waited for him to arrive.[2][3] It was only around daybreak on December 17, after moving his Kampfgruppe into the frontline that he succeeded in breaking out in the direction of Honsfeld,[6] where elements of his force would kill several dozen American POWs.[2][3][7]

After capturing Honsfeld, Peiper left his assigned route for several kilometers to seize a small gasoline depot in Büllingen, where another massacre of American prisoners would later be reported.[2][3][7] At this point, Peiper was in the enemy's rear. If he had advanced from Büllingen towards Elsenborn in the north he could have trapped two US divisions (i.e. the 2nd and the 99th Infantry Divisions). However, Peiper decided to head back to his assigned route and capture Ligneuville, passing by Mödersheid, Schoppen, Ondenval and Thirimont.[8]

This move was difficult due to the nature of the terrain and the poor quality of the available roads. Eventually, at the exit of the small village of Thirimont the spearhead was unable to take the direct road in the direction of Ligneuville. As a result, he was forced to turn away from his planned route once again. Rather than turn to the left after the Thirimont exit, the spearhead veered right and advanced towards the crossroads of Baugnez which is equidistant between Malmedy, Ligneuville and Waimes.[2][3]

Massacre at Baugnez

the bodies of the victims covered with snow were found on January 15, 1945

Between noon and 1 p.m. the German spearhead approached the crossroads. Meanwhile, an American convoy of around thirty vehicles, primarily made up of elements of the American 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion (FAOB), was negotiating the crossroads and turning right in the direction of Ligneuville in order to reach Sankt Vith where it was ordered to join the 7th Armored Division, to which it was attached and which was dispatched there to reinforce the defense of the city.[2][6] The spearhead of Peiper’s group spotted the American convoy and opened fire, immobilizing the first and last vehicles of the column, forcing it to stop.[6] With only rifles and other small arms to defend themselves, the Americans were forced to surrender.[2][3]

File:Baugnez2007.JPG
The spot of the Massacre, March 2007

While the German column continued on the road towards Ligneuville, the American prisoners were taken to a field, where they were joined by others captured by the SS earlier in the day. The majority of the testimonies later collected from the survivors state that approximately 120 men were gathered in the field. For reasons which still remain unclear today, the Germans suddenly opened fire on their prisoners with machine-guns.[2][3] A number of Germans later claimed that some prisoners had tried to escape, others alleged that while left alone in the meadow they had somehow recovered their previously discarded weapons and fired on the German troops who continued their progress in the direction of Ligneuville.[6][9] Of the 88 bodies recovered a month later, the majority showed wounds to the head, evidence more consistent with mass execution than with an act of self-defense or an attempt to prevent escape.

As soon as the Germans opened fire, the Americans panicked. Some tried to flee, the vast majority were gunned down where they stood. A few of the soldiers attempted shelter in a cafe located at the crossroads. Germans soldiers set fire to the building, and shot any who tried to escape from the flames.[2] Some of those in the field had dropped to the ground and feigned death when the shooting started.[2] However, SS troops walked among the groups of bodies. Any who were found to be alive were promptly shot through the head.[2][6]

Much later, a few survivors, though wounded or shocked, emerged from their hiding places and managed to make their way back through the lines to nearby Malmedy, where American troops were defending the town. Among the soldiers who escaped was actor Charles Durning.[10] Eventually, 43 survivors managed to find refuge in the Allied lines, some with the help of Belgian civilians.[11] Testimony made by the survivors was collected during the hours following the massacre. All the survivors' accounts were similar and corroborated each other, even though they had had no opportunity to discuss the events and agree to a common story.[6]

The bodies are taken to Malmedy where the autopsies would take place

The first survivors of the massacre were picked up by a patrol from the 291st Combat Engineer Battalion around 2.30 p.m. the same day. The inspector general of the First Army learned of the shootings three or four hours later. By the late evening of the 17th, rumors that the enemy was killing prisoners had reached the forward American divisions.[12] As a result one U.S. unit issued orders that, "No SS troops or paratroopers will be taken prisoner but will be shot on sight."[13][14] In this atmosphere there are claims that American forces killed German prisoners in retaliation, e.g. in the alleged Chenogne massacre on January 1, 1945.

Since the Baugnez crossroads had been a no man's land until the Allied counter-offensive, it was not until January 14 1945 that US forces were able to reach the massacre site and perform a criminal investigation. The frozen, snow-covered bodies of the various victims were photographed in situ, then removed from the scene for formal identification and post mortem examinations. The examinations were detailed and exacting. The intention was that the evidence gathered would be used as part of the prosecution case against the culprits.[15] Eventually 72 bodies were found in the field on January 14 and 15, 1945. Twelve other bodies, lying further away from the pasture, would be found between February 7 and April 15, 1945. [9]

The autopsies of the bodies revealed that at least twenty of the victims had suffered fatal gunshot wounds to the head inflicted at very close range.[15] These were in addition to wounds made by automatic weapons. An additional 20 showed evidence of small calibre gunshot wounds to the head without powder burn residue.[15] Another 10 had fatal crushing or blunt trauma injuries most likely from a rifle butt.[15] Another fact of importance is that some of the bodies showed only one single wound within the temple or behind the ear.[16] Moreover, the majority of the bodies were found in a very small area, which suggested that the victims had been gathered together just before they were killed.[17]

Peiper moves on

War reporter Jean Marin looks at the bodies of civilians massacred at the Legaye house in Stavelot (Belgium)

The opening carried out by Kampfgruppe Peiper through the US lines was marked by other massacres of prisoners of war and, thereafter, Belgian civilians. Among others, members of his unit killed at least eight other American prisoners in Ligneuville.[7][18]

New massacres of American POWs were again reported in Stavelot, Cheneux, La Gleize and Stoumont on December 18, 19 and 20.[7] Finally, on December 19, 1944, in the area between Stavelot and Trois-Ponts, the Germans tried to regain control of the bridge over the Ambleve river in Stavelot, which was crucial for getting reinforcements and supplies in fuel and ammunition, Peiper’s men were the perpetrators of the massacre of 100 Belgian civilians. [7][2][19][20]

American engineers finally managed to block Peiper's advance in the narrow Amblève River valley by blowing up the local bridges. Additional US reinforcements succeeded in surrounding the Kampfgruppe in Stoumont and la Gleize.[2] Peiper and 800 of his men eventually managed to escape this encirclement by marching through the nearby woods and abandoning all their heavy equipment, including several Tiger II tanks.[2][21] If he had by-passed the Amblève bridges, Peiper could have gained higher ground and access to practicable roads to the Meuse.

During their battle around Gleize, the men of Kampfgruppe Peiper captured an American officer, Major Harold D. McCown on December 21, who was leading one of the battalions of the 119th Infantry Regiment.[22] Since he had heard about the Malmedy massacre, he raised questions to Peiper about his fate and that of his men. According to McCown, Peiper told him that neither he nor his men were at any risk and that he was not used to killing his prisoners.[2] McCown himself noted that his men were not threatened in any manner. Indeed, he testified in favour of Peiper during the trial of 1946 in Dachau.[23]

Kampfgruppe Peiper, re-equipped, had taken part again in the Battle of the Bulge and other killings of POWs were reported on December 31, 1944 in Lutrebois and between January 10 and 13, 1945 in Petit Thier.[7] The precise number of prisoners of war and civilians massacred attributable to Kampfgruppe Peiper is still not clear. According to certain sources, 538 to 749 POWs had been the victims of war crimes perpetrated by Peiper’s men.[23] These figures are, however, not corroborated by the report drawn up by the sub-Committee of the Senate of the United States which inquired later into the trial that ensued. According to the Committee, the number of dead would be 362 prisoners of war and 111 civilians.[24] According to this report, the count of POWs or civilians at different places is as follows:

A preserved Tiger II tank left by the Kampfgruppe Peiper at La Gleize in December 1944
Place Prisoners of war Civilians
Honsfeld 19
Büllingen 59 1
Baugnez 86
Ligneuville 58
Stavelot 8 93
Cheneux 31
La Gleize 45
Stoumont 44 1
Wanne 5
Trois-Ponts 11 10
Lutrebois 1
Petit Thier 1

Aftermath and trial

File:Malmédy-massacre-memorial.JPG
The memorial of the Malmedy massacre at Baugnez. Each black stone embedded into the wall represents one of the victims
Main article: Malmedy massacre trial

American forces recaptured the site where the killings took place on January 13 1945. The cold weather conditions and low winter temperatures had preserved the scene well. The bodies were recovered on January 14 and January 15, 1945. The memorial at Baugnez bears the names of the murdered soldiers.

The size of the massacre, which apparently is the only one perpetrated on such a scale against American troops in Europe during World War II, caused a furor at the time. However, the number of victims was quite low when compared to other German atrocities.

In addition to the effect the event had on American combatants in Europe, it seems that news of the massacre also had a great impact in the United States. This explains why the supposed culprits were deferred to the Dachau Trials, which were held from May to June 1946, after the war.[25]

In what would thereafter be known as the "Malmedy massacre trial", and which concerned all of the war crimes attributed to Kampfgruppe Peiper for the battle of the Bulge, the highest ranking defendant was General Sepp Dietrich, commander of the 6th SS Panzer Army to which Peiper’s unit belonged. Joachim Peiper and his principal subordinates appeared among the defendants.[25] More than 70 people were tried by the Tribunal, and the Court pronounced 43 death sentences, (none of which were carried out), and 22 life sentences. Eight other men were sentenced to shorter prison sentences.[25]

File:Proces w dachau.jpg
The defendants during the Dachau trial 11. Sepp Dietrich 33. Fritz Krämer 45. Hermann Priess 42. Joachim Peiper 8. Manfred Coblenz 13. Arndt Fischer 19. Hans Gruhle 23. Hans Henneck 31. Gustav Knittel 34. Werner Kuhn 39. Erich Munkemer

However, after the verdict, the way the court had functioned was disputed, first in Germany (by former Nazi officials who had regained some power due to anti-Communist positions with the occupation forces), then later in the United States (by congressmen from heavily German-American areas of the Midwest). The case was appealed to the Supreme Court which was unable to make a decision. The case then came under the scrutiny of a sub-Committee of the Senate of the United States.[24] A young Senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy, used it as an opportunity to raise his political profile.[26] He came to the defense of the convicted men by stating that the Court had not given them a fair trial.[2][27]

This drew attention to the trial and some of the judicial irregularities which had occurred during the interrogations preceding the trial itself. However, even before the United States Senate took an interest in this case, most of the death sentences had already been commuted due to a revision of the trial carried out by the US Army[25]. The other life sentences were commuted within the next few years. All the convicted war criminals were released during the 1950s, the last one to leave prison being Peiper in December 1956. There was a schism within the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars because World War II veterans that were members protested McCarthy's defense of the convicted. The leadership consisting of the earlier World War I veterans were reluctant to criticize him because of his anti-communist stance. The release of these war criminals has been cited by critics of the post-war trials of Japanese military personnel as an example of the racism which characterized the difference in treatment. Japanese military who were convicted of killing prisoners as a matter of policy were convicted and executed as per international law and custom. Few of the Germans were.[citation needed]

The turmoil which followed the Malmedy trials and the early release of the condemned is often used by some people as an example of biased post-war justice applied at the discretion of the winner.[28].

Eventually, a distinct lawsuit relating to the war crimes committed against civilians in Stavelot was held on July 6, 1948 in front of a Belgian military court in Liege (Belgium) against 10 men who were members of Kampfgruppe Peiper and who had been captured on December 22, 1944 by American troops not far from the spot where one of the massacres of civilians in Stavelot had taken place. One man was discharged, the others were found guilty and most of them were sentenced to 10 years imprisonment - two officers were sentenced to 12 and 15 years.

The massacre has been dramatized in two films - the Battle of the Bulge (1966) and Saints and Soldiers (2004). It was also alluded to in Hart's War, where the eponymous hero discovers the bodies of the victims.

References

  1. ^ United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations, The Ardennes: Battle of, by Hugh M. Cole - Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1965 pp. 75 – [1]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Charles MacDonald (1984). A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-34226-6.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations, The Ardennes: Battle of, by Hugh M. Cole - Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1965 pp. 260 and fol. – [2]
  4. ^ a b Ardennes 1944-1945, Guide du champ de bataille, Émile Engels, histoire, Ed. Racine, Bruxelles, 1994
  5. ^ a b Malmedy Massacre, Richard Gallagher, Paperback Library, 1964, p. 110-111
  6. ^ a b c d e f Massacre At Malmédy During the Battle of the Bulge, by Michael Reynolds – World War II Magazine, Février 2003 – [3]
  7. ^ a b c d e f Review and recommandation of the deputy judge advocate for war crimes, 20 octobre 1947, pp. 4 à 22 - [4]
  8. ^ United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations, The Ardennes: Battle of, by Hugh M. Cole - Office of the Chief of Militiary History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1965 p. 91, Statement of General Lauer "the enemy had the key to success within his hands, but did not know it." – [5]
  9. ^ a b Wholesale Slaughter at Baugnez-lez-Malmedy, Willy D. Alenus, [6]
  10. ^ Baron, Scott (2007). "They Also Served: June 6, 1944: The Longest Day". G.I. Jobs website. G.I. Jobs Online. Retrieved 2007-01-08. Taken prisoner, he was among the very few troops who escaped being massacred by Gen. Peiper's 1st Liebstandart Adolph Hitler, an elite SS Panzer unit at Malmedy. He escaped with two others, and returned to find the remainder murdered. (spelling errors and term elite in the source) {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ The Malmedy Massacre Revisited - Henri Rogister, Joseph Dejardin et Emile Jamar - Website du C.R.I.B.A. (Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes) [7]
  12. ^ UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, The European Theater of Operations, THE ARDENNES: BATTLE OF THE BULGE, by Hugh M. Cole - OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1965 - [8]
  13. ^ Cole, Hugh M. (1965). "Chapter XI. The 1st SS Panzer Division's Dash Westward, and Operation Greif". The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge. Washington, D.C., USA: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. pp. 261–264. LCCN 65-0 – 0. Retrieved 2006-06-03. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help) This book is an official US military history of the Battle of the Bulge. Footnote 5 on page 264 reads, Thus Fragmentary Order 27. issued by Headquarters, 328th Infantry, on 21 December for the attack scheduled the following day says: "No SS troops or paratroopers will be taken prisoner but will be shot on sight."
  14. ^ Scrapbookpages (2006). "Malmedy Massacre Trial". Dachau Trials. scrapbookpages.com. Retrieved 2006-06-03. A website with photographs and histories of many places and people related to the Holocaust. No date listed on the web page, so 2006 is inferred.
  15. ^ a b c d Mortuary Affairs Operations At Malmedy -Lessons Learned From A Historic Tragedy - MAJ Scott T. Glass
  16. ^ Roger Martin, L'Affaire Peiper, Dagorno, 1994, p. 76
  17. ^ Glass, Lt Col Scott T. (1998-11-22). "Mortuary Affairs Operations At Malmedy". C.R.I.B.A website. C.R.I.B.A (Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes). Retrieved 2007-03-22. This article includes a diagram showing where the bodies were discovered.
  18. ^ The Brave Innkeeper of "The Bulge" – Toland, John – Coronet Magazine, December 1959 – [9]
  19. ^ Stavelot, Belgium, 17 to 22 December 44, written par Capt John E. Kent, C.R.I.B.A. [10]
  20. ^ Sad souvenirs or life of the people of Stavelot during the winter of 1944-1945, written par Guy Lebeau, C.R.I.B.A., [11]
  21. ^ United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations, The Ardennes: Battle of, by Hugh M. Cole - Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1965 pp. 376 and fol. – [12]
  22. ^ United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations, The Ardennes: Battle of, by Hugh M. Cole - Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1965 pp. 365 and fol. – [13]
  23. ^ a b Malmedy Massacre Trial – Scrapbookpages.com [14]
  24. ^ a b Malmedy massacre Investigation – Report of the Subcommittee of Committee on armed services – United States Senate – Eighty-first Congress, first session, pursuant to S. res. 42, Investigation of action of army with respect to trial of persons responsible for the massacre of American soldiers, battle of the Bulge, near Malmedy, Belgium, December 1944, 13 October 1949
  25. ^ a b c d Review and recommendation of the deputy judge advocate for war crimes, 20 October 1947 - [15]
  26. ^ The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate, Robert Griffith, University of Massachusetts Press, 1987, p. 22
  27. ^ The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate, Ib., p. 24
  28. ^ Nuremberg II ou les Faux monnayeurs, Maurice Bardèche, Editions Les Sept Couleurs, 1950, pp. 70 et suiv.

50°24′14″N 6°3′58.30″E / 50.40389°N 6.0661944°E / 50.40389; 6.0661944

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