Mass graves in Ljubljana

Coordinates: 46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.05556°N 14.50833°E / 46.05556; 14.50833
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Mass graves in Ljubljana were created in Ljubljana, Slovenia during and after the Second World War. The Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia has registered five known mass graves in the city itself and an additional 15 in the City Municipality of Ljubljana.

Background

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Known repatriation locations in Austria

Except for the Orel Peak Mass Grave, which is a former wartime Home Guard cemetery, all of the concealed mass graves in Ljubljana were created in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, after British forces forcibly repatriated Home Guard soldiers that had fled to Austria to Yugoslavia from camps in Bleiburg,[1][2]: 136 [3]: 400  Lavamund,[1][3]: 400  Rosenbach,[3]: 400  Viktring (a district of Klagenfurt),[3]: 394  and elsewhere. Many of the returnees were held at the St. Stanislaus Institute in the former village of Šentvid, just outside Ljubljana, which was used as a prison by the Partisans.[4] Some died in Šentvid, but most were transported elsewhere and murdered.[4]

List of mass graves

Cross in former Home Guard cemetery
Chapel-shrine
Orel Peak Mass Grave

Five mass graves registered by the Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia are located inside the city limits:

  • The Orel Peak Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče Orlov vrh) is located at the southeast end of Castle Hill ([Grajski grič] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) in central Ljubljana, about 580 m from Ljubljana Castle. It is the site of a former military cemetery for 146 Home Guard soldiers that could not be buried in their home cemeteries due to circumstances during the war. Burials took place at the site from December 1943 until the end of April 1945,[5] and a large-scale commemoration was held at the cemetery on All Saint's Day in 1944.[6] After the war, the cemetery was destroyed and most of the remains were removed to an unknown location.[7] Memorial crosses erected at the site since 1991 have repeatedly been vandalized.[8]: 33  There is a chapel-shrine near the site, dating from before the First World War, where an annual memorial service is held.[9]
  • The Big Brezar Shaft Mass Grave ([Grobišče Veliko Brezarjevo brezno] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is located in the Kucja Valley ([Kucja dolina] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) on the northwest outskirts of the city. It contained the remains of a mix of Slovenian and Croatian prisoners of war from the St. Stanislaus Institute in nearby Šentvid and civilians, including women.[10]
  • The Kucja Valley Mass Grave ([Grobišče v Kucji dolini] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) lies below the Big Brezar Shaft Mass Grave. After seepage from the Big Brezar Shaft poisoned the groundwater in the area, German prisoners of war were forced to remove the bodies from the shaft on 12 and 13 June 1945 and bury them in the nearby mass grave at the head of the Kucja Valley.[8]: 73  After this, the German prisoners were also executed and buried together with the bodies they had moved.[11][12]
Grave site behind cemetery
Plaques on cemetery wall
Šentvid Mass Graves
  • The Šentvid 1 Mass Grave ([Grobišče Šentvid 1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is located a few meters outside the cemetery wall in the Šentvid District, in the northwest part of the city, near the spot where a large oak tree fell during a storm in 1986. It contains the remains of Home Guard prisoners of war that were returned to Yugoslavia by British forces from prisoner of war camps in Austria but died before they could be transported to the Kočevje area, where most of them were murdered.[4][13]
  • The Šentvid 2 Mass Grave ([Grobišče Šentvid 2] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is located a few meters from the first grave and contains the remains of German prisoners of war and wounded prisoners.[14]

The Society for the Regulation of Concealed Graves (Slovene: Društvo za ureditev zamolčanih grobišč) installed a pair of plaques on the Šentvid cemetery wall facing the graves in 2002. They read: "The victims of violence from the Partisan collection center in Šentvid (May–September 1945) lie and await the resurrection behind this wall. In memory of the victims, a warning to the living," and quote the Book of Wisdom (3:4–5): "For though they be punished in the sight of men, yet is their hope full of immortality. And having been a little chastised, they shall be greatly rewarded: for God proved them, and found them worthy for himself."

Other victims from the prison in Šentvid were killed outside Ljubljana, in Glažuta, Golo, Onek, and Setnica.

An additional mass grave in the city is likely located in Dobrunje, but has not been registered by the commission. The memorial site at Saint Ulrich’s Church is believed to contain the remains of people liquidated by the Partisans during or after the war,[15][16] including the "Šentpavel victims" ([šentpavelske žrtve] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))—eight men abducted by Yugoslav military police (KNOJ) from the village of Šentpavel on 4 July 1945 and murdered.[15][17][18][19]

Other mass graves

Fifteen additional mass graves are located in the City Municipality of Ljubljana outside the Ljubljana city limits. There are four graves in Pance and 11 graves in Selo pri Pancah.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Booker, Christopher. 1997. A Looking-Glass Tragedy. The Controversy over the Repatriations From Austria In 1945. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd., p. 214.
  2. ^ Vuletić, Dominik. 2007. "Kaznenopravni i povijesni aspekti bleiburškog zločina." Pravnik 41(85): 125–150.
  3. ^ a b c d Grahek Ravančić, Martina. 2009. "Izručenja i sudbine zarobljenika smještenih u savezničkim logorima u svibnju 1945. Journal of Contemporary History 41(2): 391–416.
  4. ^ a b c Ferenc, Tone. 1999. "Šentvid." Enciklopedija Slovenije, vol. 13 (Š–T). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 28.
  5. ^ Podružnična kapela svetega Jurija na Ljubljanskem Gradu Template:Sl icon
  6. ^ "Na Orlevem vrhu. Zadnjem počivališču slovenskih junakov." Slovensko domobranstvo 1(8) (16 Nov. 1944): 4–5. Photos of commemoration ceremony. Template:Sl icon
  7. ^ Orel Peak Mass Grave on Geopedia Template:Sl icon
  8. ^ a b Ferenc, Mitja, & Ksenija Kovačec-Naglič. 2005. Prikrito in očem zakrito: prikrita grobišča 60 let po koncu druge svetovne vojne. Celje: Muzej novejše zgodovine Celje.
  9. ^ Rant, Jože. 2008. Slovenski eksodus leta 1945. Ljubljana: Družina, p. 282.
  10. ^ Big Brezar Shaft Mass Grave on Geopedia Template:Sl icon
  11. ^ Matija Škerbec. 1957. Krivda rdeče fronte. Cleveland: Author, pp. 25, 128. Template:Sl icon
  12. ^ Kucja Valley Mass Grave on Geopedia Template:Sl icon
  13. ^ Šentvid 1 Mass Grave on Geopedia Template:Sl icon
  14. ^ Šentvid 2 Mass Grave on Geopedia Template:Sl icon
  15. ^ a b Kržan, Vanja. 2010. "Mi pa oznanjamo Kristusa, križanega (1 Kor 1,23)." Zaveza 42 (25 February). Template:Sl icon
  16. ^ Društvo za zamolčane grobove in stranke slovenske pomladi. 1994. Letter to the editor. In: Naša skupnost (Ljubljana) 35(8) (29 November): 4. Template:Sl icon
  17. ^ Žajdela, Ivo. 1991. Komunistični zločini na Slovenskem, vol. 1. Ljubljana: ČZP Novo Jutro, pp. 136–137.
  18. ^ "Pojdimo v Šentpavel" at druzina.si Template:Sl icon
  19. ^ Žajdela, Ivo. 1990. "Komunistična grobišča na Slovenskem." Tribuna: študentski časopis 39(18):8–11, p. 9. Template:Sl icon

46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.05556°N 14.50833°E / 46.05556; 14.50833

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