Page from Midrash Eleh Ezkerah, Constantinople (?), 1620.
According to the Midrash Eleh Ezkerah, a Roman emperor commanded the execution of the ten sages of Israel to expiate the guilt of the sons of Jacob, who had sold their brother Joseph—a crime which, according to Ex. xxi. 16, had to be punished with death. The names of the martyrs are given here, as in the seliḥah already mentioned (varying in part from the Eicha Rabba and the Midrash Tehillim), as follows:
Although this midrash employs other sources, borrowing its introduction from the Midrash Konen, and the account of the conversation of Rabbi Ishmael with the angels in heaven probably from the Hekalot, it forms, nevertheless, a coherent work. It was edited, on the basis of a Hamburg codex, by A. Jellinek (Leipsic, 1853, and in his B. H. ii. 64-72), and, according to another manuscript, by S. Chones, in his Rab Pe'alim (pp. 157-160). A second and a third recension of the midrash were edited, on the basis of manuscript sources, in B. H. (vi. 19-35), and a fourth is contained in the Spanish liturgical work Bet Ab (Leghorn, 1877). According to Jellinek, "the fourth recension is the oldest, since it has borrowed large portions from the Hekalot; next to this stand the second and the third; while the youngest is the first, which, nevertheless, has the advantage of real conformity with the spirit of the race and represents this the best of all." The martyrdom of the ten sages is also treated in the additions to the Hekalot (B. H. v. 167 et seq.) and in the ḳinah for the Ninth of Ab.
On the problem of the synchronism of the ten martyrs see Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. iv. 175 et seq., and Monatsschrift, i. 314 et seq. A German translation by P. Möbius appeared in 1845.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.