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Miliary tuberculosis

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Miliary tuberculosis
SpecialtyInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata

Miliary tuberculosis (also known as "disseminated tuberculosis",[1] "tuberculosis cutis acuta generalisata",[1] and "Tuberculosis cutis disseminata"[1]) is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the lesions (1–5 mm). Its name comes from a distinctive pattern seen on a chest X-ray of many tiny spots distributed throughout the lung fields with the appearance similar to millet seeds—thus the term "miliary" tuberculosis. Miliary TB may infect any number of organs, including the lungs, liver, and spleen. It is a complication of 1–3% of all TB cases.[2]

Etiology

Miliary tuberculosis is a form of tuberculous infection in the lung that is the result of erosion of the infection into a pulmonary vein.[3] Once the bacteria reach the left side of the heart and enter the systemic circulation, the result may be to seed organs such as the liver and spleen with said infection. Alternatively, the bacteria may enter the lymph node(s), drain into a systemic vein and eventually reach the right side of the heart.[3] From the right side of the heart, the bacteria may seed—or re-seed as the case may be—the lungs, causing the eponymous "miliary" appearance.

Signs and Symptoms

A patient with miliary tuberculosis will tend to present with non-specific signs, such as low grade fever, cough, and enlarged lymph nodes. Miliary tuberculosis can also present with enlarged liver (40% of cases), enlarged spleen (15%), inflammation of the pancreas (<5%), and multiple organ dysfunction with adrenal insufficiency (adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones to regulate organ function).[2] Miliary tuberculosis may also present with unilateral or bilateral pneumothorax rarely.[4] Stool may also be diarrheal in nature and appearance. The risk factors for contracting miliary tuberculosis are being in direct contact with a person who has it, living in unsanitary conditions, and having an unhealthy diet. People in the U.S. that are at a higher risk for contracting the disease include the homeless and persons living with HIV/AIDS.[5]

Tests

Testing for miliary tuberculosis is conducted in the same manner as for other forms of tuberculosis. Tests include chest x-ray, sputum culture, bronchoscopy, TB skin test, open lung biopsy, head CT/MRI, blood cultures, fundoscopy, and electrocardiography.[5] A variety of neurological complications have been noted in miliary tuberculosis patients—tuberculous meningitis and cerebral tuberculomas being the most frequent. However, a majority of patients improve following antituberculous treatment. Rarely lymphangitic spread of lung cancer could mimic miliary pattern of tuberculosis on regular chest X-ray. [6]

Treatment

Main article: Tuberculosis treatment

Miliary TB is a serious condition. Cases of miliary TB in patients who remain untreated are nearly 100% fatal. About 25% of patients with miliary TB also have tuberculous meningitis. The standard treatment recommended by the WHO is with isoniazid and rifampicin for six months, as well as ethambutol and pyrazinamide for the first two months. If there is evidence of meningitis, then treatment is extended to twelve months. The U.S. guidelines recommend nine months' treatment.[7] "Common medication side effects a patient may have such as inflammation of the liver if a patient is taking pyrazinamide, rifampin, and isoniazid. A patient may also have drug resistance to medication, relapse, respiratory failure, and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome"[5]

History

John Jacob Manget described a form of disseminated tuberculosis in 1700 and expressed its resemblance to numerous millet seeds in size and appearance and coined the term from Latin word miliarius, meaning related to millet seed.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 74. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b Lessnau, Klaus-Dieter, "Miliary Tuberculosis", http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1476.htm, October 3, 2006.
  3. ^ a b Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 516-522 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
  4. ^ Dhamgaye, TM (2012). "Miliary tuberculosis with bilateral pneumothorax - A case report" (PDF). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2 (6): 492–494. doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60109-1. Retrieved 14 February 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c Dugdale, David, "Disseminated Tuberculosis" http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000624htm, December 3, 2008.
  6. ^ Furqan, M; Butler, J (2010). "Miliary pattern on chest radiography: TB or not TB?". Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic. 85 (2): 108. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0523. PMC 2813816. PMID 20118384.
  7. ^ www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm
  8. ^ Manget, JJ (1700). Sepulcretum size anatomia practica. Vol. 1 (Observatio XLVII (3 vols) ed.). London: Cramer and Perrachon.

Books and other articles for further reading

  • Reichman, Lee B., M.D., M.P.H. & Tanne, Janice H. (2002). "Timebomb: The Global Epidemic of Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Mcgraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-135924-9
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