Mirosław Iringh
Mirosław Iringh | |
|---|---|
 Mirosław Iringh | |
| Nickname(s) | Stanko |
| Born | 28 February 1914 Warsaw, Poland |
| Died | 28 May 1985 (aged 71) Warsaw, Poland |
| Years of service | 1939-1944 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Unit | Platoon 535 |
| Battles / wars | Warsaw Uprising |
| Awards | Ľudovít Štúr Order |
| Other work | Journalist, Photographer |
| Part of a series on the |
| Polish Underground State |
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Mirosław Iringh (nom-de-guerre "Stanko") (born 28 February 1914 in Warsaw[1] died 28 May 1985) - was a Slovak lieutenant and a commander of a Slovakian unit - Platoon 535,[2] serving under the command of the Polish Home Army (AK), part of the 1st Company of the Battalion "Tur", "Kryska" Group, Mokotow region[3] - which took part in the Warsaw Uprising,[3] in particular in the heavy fighting in Czerniakow and in Praga.[4]
Background
Mirosław came from a mixed Polish-Slovak family. His father moved to Warsaw from Slovakia, supposedly because of "political reasons" (at the time Slovakia was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire) and married a Polish woman, Helena Perzanowska.[1]
September campaign
In September 1939, after the Nazi invasion of Poland, together with his father Stanisław, he took part in the defense of Warsaw in the ranks of the Czech and Slovak Volunteer Legion.[5] After his father died in this battle, Mirosław took the conspiratorial name "Stanko" in honor of his father.[5]
Joining the resistance
At the beginning of 1943, together with Adam Chalupec, Mirosław Iringh organized the "Underground Slovak National Committee" (SKN), which made contact with the representatives of the Home Army, and established civilian and military relations.[5] At the end of 1943 an agreement was reached between the SKN and the Home Army command, which called for the formation of a separate Slovak military unit within the structure of the Home Army - Platoon 535.[5] The unit was to be distinguished by armbands and a regimental standard in Slovak national colors, white-blue-red, as opposed to the red and white colors of the rest of the Home Army soldiers.[5] Iringh's armband was made by the wife of one of the Polish members of SKN, Jadwiga Szantarek-Szczudłowska. She sewed it out of a French broad riband military decoration which had been bestowed on her husband (Col. Mieczysław Szczudłowski) by Marshal Foch - the colors of the French flag are the same as that of the Slovak one.[1] Because of the similarity in colors, during the Warsaw Uprising, the civilians of Warsaw sometimes mistook the Slovak partisans for Frenchmen.[1]
During the Nazi occupation Iringh held a Slovak passport which allowed him certain "privileges" unavailable to Poles, which he used for anti-Nazi underground activity. For example, he was allowed to own a radio (ownership of these by Poles was illegal) which he used to monitor Allied news reports from the West[5] which he then used as basis for articles in the underground newspapers.[1] The Slovak passport also saved him from being taken in so called Łapankas (street round up), which made him a natural choice for a smuggler and distributor of the Bibula (Polish underground press).[1] According to the memoirs of his wife, Waleria (who was also active in the underground) on one occasion the Łapanka took place on a tram, while Iringh was carrying a brief case full of illegal newspapers. Iringh approached the German policeman in charge and stated that he was a foreigner and in turn he was asked for his documents. Mirosław handed the suitcase full of illegal contraband to the policeman and calmly looked for his passport. Once he had produced it, the suitcase was handed back and he was free to leave.[1] Iringh also prepared anti-Nazi pamphlets in Slovak which were distributed to the Slovak communities in Warsaw and Lwow, as well as to Hungarian soldiers stationed in Warsaw, who although serving as allies of Germany were often quite sympathetic to the Polish resistance (and many of whom were of Slovak background).[1]
Iringh was also a photographer of the fighting and civilian everyday life during the insurrection.[5] Many of his photographs are part of the collection of the National Library of Poland. Before the war, Iringh was a journalist, a profession which he tried to resume after the war.[6] He wrote for the newspapers Život (the newspaper of the Slovakian Community in Poland, which Iringh helped to organize),[7] Gazeta Lubelska,[1] and Życie Warszawy.[8]
Warsaw Uprising and Platoon 535
During the Warsaw Uprising Mirosław led his platoon in heavy fighting in the Czernakow district (although some soldiers of the platoon got trapped in other parts of Warsaw and were unable to join the main group - instead they fought independently in Praga).[1] Iringh's unit was strengthened by a number of foreign, non-Slovak, soldiers who were present in Warsaw and who also wanted to fight the Germans, and additionally by several escaped Soviet POWs.[1] According to the memoirs of former platoon members, Iringh was a commander noted for his frankness and directness, he always looked serious and never made jokes, which enabled him to enforce strict discipline in his unit.[1] At the same time he cared greatly for his soldiers, took part in direct fighting himself, even though at the time he was sick with pneumonia.[1] One of the AK nurses assigned to his unit, Danuta Pietraszak (now Michałowska) remembers him as "Emaciated, in a hard hat instead of a helmet, always with a cigarette, constantly coughing. He was in control of everyone, even our Georgians" (the last being a reference to the escaped Soviet POWs who were part of the unit).[1]
After the war
He was persecuted by communist authorities for having been a member of the AK and was refused employment for many years.[5] Initially he worked as a free lance writer for various newspapers. However, in 1951 he lost his job due to his past membership in the Home Army.[1] His wife was given a choice of either divorcing him, or also losing her job. She refused, and they both became unemployed.[1] As a result, Iringh tried to support his family, even though by this time he was quite ill, by taking photographs and selling them on the street to passers-by.[1] In 1956 he started to work for the Association of Czechs and Slovaks in Poland although he was soon once again fired on the basis of an absurd accusation that he was plotting to separate the Orava and Polish Spisz regions from Poland and join them to Czechoslovakia.[1]
He died of lung cancer in 1985, and he is buried in the Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery.[1]
Remembrance
In June 2005, Mirosław Iringh's daughters transferred a collection of memorabilia about Iringh and Platoon 535 to the Warsaw Uprising Museum in Warsaw where they are currently on display.[5] On 31 August 2007 Iringh's daughter, Bogusława Iringh–Nagórska, accepted in her father's name the decoration of the Order of Ľudovít Štúr (Rád Ľudovíta Štúra), second class, bestowed upon him posthumously by the President of Slovakia Ivan Gašparovič.[5]
For his wartime achievements, he also received the following medals: Warsaw Cross of the Uprising, Partisan Cross, Armia Krajowa Cross, Cross of Valor (four times), Cross of Merit (twice), Order of Polonia Restituta (Officer's Cross), and Virtuti Militari (V class).[8]
One of the squares in the Czerniakow part of Warsaw, where his unit engaged in heavy fighting with the Germans is named after him.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Patrycja Bukalska, "Pytania Mirosława Iringha" (Mirosław Iringh's Question), Tygodnik Powszechny, 2005-08-07, [1]
- ^ Józef Ciągwa, Jan Szpernoga, "Słowacy w Powstaniu Warszawskim. Wybór źródeł, review" (Slovaks in the Warsaw Uprising. Overview of Sources), [2]
- ^ a b Stanisław Podlewski, "Wolność krzyżami się znaczy", Ośrodek Dokumentacji i Studiów Społecznych, 1989, pg. 67, 547, [3]
- ^ Warsaw Uprising Museum, "WALECZNI SŁOWACY" (Valiant Slovaks)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Udział Słowaków w Powstaniu Warszawskim" (The Participation of Slovaks in the Warsaw Uprising), Polonus, [4]
- ^ Władysław Jewsiewicki, "Powstanie warszawskie 1944: okiem polskiej kamery" (Warsaw Uprising 1944: through the eyes of Polish camera), Interpress, 1989, pg. 72, [5]
- ^ Jan Spernoga, Zivot, "550 cislot Zivota"
- ^ a b "Powstańcze Biogramy - Mirosław Iringh". 1944.pl. Retrieved 2012-05-08.