Mujahideen in Chechnya
| Mujahideen in Chechnya | |
|---|---|
  Jihadist black flag and Coat of Arms of the ChRI | |
| Founder | Fathi al-Urduni |
| Leaders |
|
| Dates of operation | 1995–2012 |
| Allegiance |  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Caucasus Emirate since 2007 |
| Motives | Chechen independence from Russia |
| Ideology | Islamism Jihadism |
| Size | Hundreds |
| Opponents |  Russia  Chechnya |
| Battles and wars | First Chechen War War of Dagestan Second Chechen War Insurgency in the North Caucasus First Nagorno-Karabakh War[1] |
The Mujahideen in Chechnya (Template:Lang-ru, Muzhakhady v Chechnye) (Template:Lang-ar) were foreign Islamist Mujahideen volunteers that fought in Chechnya and other parts of the North Caucasus.
It was created by Fathi al-Urduni[2][4] in 1995 during the First Chechen War, where it fought against the Russian Federation in favor of Chechnya's independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. During the Second Chechen War it played an important part in further fighting.
Name
The unit has been known by several names throughout its existence. Examples include the Chechen Mujahideen, the Islamic Regiment, the Islamic Battalion, the Arabs in Chechnya and the Ansaar in Chechnya.
Although the overwhelming majority of the unit has always consisted of Arab volunteers, there were also members of non-Arab, usually Kurds, Turks and other North Cauсasians. It is not to be confused with the Special Purpose Islamic Regiment (SPIR), al-Qaeda’s 055 Brigade or the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB).
History
Foreign Mujahideen have played an important part in both First and Second Chechen Wars. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent Chechen declaration of independence, foreign fighters started entering the region and associated themselves with Chechen rebels, most notably Shamil Basayev with whom Ibn al-Khattab build up a friendship. Many of them were veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War and prior to the Russian invasion, they used their expertise to train Chechen fighters.
First Chechen War and Interwar period
During the First Chechen War they were notorious and feared for their guerilla tactics, inflicting severe casualties on Russian forces. The mujahideen also made a significant financial contribution to the Chechen cause; with their access to the immense wealth of Salafist charities like al-Haramein, they soon became an invaluable source of funds for the Chechen resistance, which had little to none resources of its own.
After the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya most of the mujahideen decided to remain in the country, including Khattab who married a woman from Dagestan. In 1999, foreign fighters played an important role in the War of Dagestan. Shamil Basayev and Khattab had created the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade which was composed of Chechen fighters. The invasion was started in support of the Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan separatist rebels. After the battle, they retreated back into Chechnya. The incursion provided the new Russian government with a pretext for intervention and in December 1999 Russian ground forces invaded Chechnya again.
Second Chechen War
During the ensuing Second Chechen War, the Arab Mujahideen played another important part, both for delivering fighters and their financial contributions. It was during this time that the Russians succeeded in eliminating the most prominent mujahideen commanders Ibn al-Khattab and Abu al-Walid.
Commanders
As Foreign Volunteers Unit in the North Caucasus
- Fathi al-Shishani (1995–1997)
- Abdourahman al-Zarki (Shishani) (1997–1999)[2]
As Mujahideen in Chechnya
- Ibn al-Khattab (1999–2002)
- Abu al-Walid (2002–2004)
- Abu Hafs al-Urduni (2004–2006)
- Muhannad (2006–2011)
- Abdulla Kurd (2011)
Structure
The battalion was mostly composed of Arabs, however, there were also Caucasian and Kurdish fighters in relatively small numbers. All known Emirs (leaders) are deceased. Its first Emir was Ibn Al-Khattab (Saudi) who was killed in March 2002 and succeeded by Abu al-Walid (Saudi), who was killed in April 2004. His successor became Abu Hafs al-Urduni (Jordanian) who was killed in November 2006. He was succeeded by Muhannad (Saudi), who was killed in a clash with security forces in the Chechen village of Serzhen-Yurt on 21 April 2011.[1] Several weeks later, his successor Abdulla Kurd (Kurdish) was also killed.[5] The battalion was split into multiple units of Mujahideen commanded by their respective Emirs which disbanded by 2012.
See also
- Pan-Islamism
- White Tights (Alleged female Baltic snipers in the Chechen Wars)
- Afghanistan
- Yugoslav wars
- Iraqi conflict
References
- ^ a b c d e f Moore, Cerwyn (May 27, 2015). "Foreign Bodies: Transnational Activism, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus and "Beyond"" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence. 27 (3): 395–415. doi:10.1080/09546553.2015.1032035. S2CID 56451099.
- ^ a b c "Emir Muhannad: The Last of Chechnya's Arab Volunteers". The Jamestown Foundation. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ Vidino, Lorenzo (2006). The Arab Foreign Fighters and the Sacralization of the Chechen Conflict. international: Al Nakhlah. pp. 10 (11).
- ^ Paul Tumelty (January 31, 2006). "The Rise and Fall of Foreign Fighters in Chechnya". Terrorism Monitor. 4 (2).
- ^ "Russia kills al Qaeda militant who fought with Chechen rebels". CNN. 4 May 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2014.