National Library of Poland
| Biblioteka Narodowa | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Location | Warsaw, Poland |
| Type | National library |
| Established | 1928 (1732) |
| Other information | |
| Director | Dr. Tomasz Makowski |
| Website | www.bn.org.pl |
The National Library of Poland (Template:Lang-pl) is the central Polish library, subject directly to the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland.
The library collects books, journals, electronic and audiovisual publications published in the territory of Poland, as well as Polonica published abroad. It is the most important humanities research library, the main archive of Polish writing and the state centre of bibliographic information about books. It also plays a significant role as a research facility and is an important methodological center for other Polish libraries.
The National Library receives a copy of every book published in Poland as legal deposit. The Jagiellonian Library is the only other library in Poland to have a national library status.
Organizational structure
There are three general sections:
- The Library
- The Bibliographic Institute of the National Library
- The Book and Readership Institute
History
The National Library's history has origins in the 18th century (Załuski Library)[1] including items from the collections of John III Sobieski which were obtained from his grand daughter Maria Karolina Sobieska, Duchess of Bouillon. However, the Załuski collection was confiscated by troops of Russian tsarina Catherine II in the aftermath of the second Partition of Poland and sent to Saint Petersburg, where the books formed the mass of the Imperial Public Library on its formation in 1795.[2][3][4] Parts of the collections were damaged or destroyed as they were mishandled while being removed from the library and transported to Russia, and many were stolen.[3][2] According to the historian Joachim Lelewel, the Zaluskis' books, "could be bought at Grodno by the basket".[3]
Because of that, when Poland regained her independence in 1918, there was no central institution to serve in the capacity of a national library. On 24 February 1928, by the decree of president Ignacy Mościcki, the National Library was created in its modern shape.[5] It was opened in 1930 and initially had 200 thousand volumes. Its first Director General was Stefan Demby, succeeded in 1934 by Stefan Vrtel-Wierczyński. The collections of the library were rapidly extended. For instance in 1932 president Mościcki donated all books and manuscripts from the Wilanów Palace Museum to the library, some 40 thousand volumes and 20 thousand pictures from the collection of Stanisław Kostka Potocki.
Initially the National Library lacked a seat of its' own. Because of that the collections were to be accommodated in several places. The main reading room was located in the newly built library building of the Warsaw School of Economics. In 1935 the Potocki Palace in Warsaw became house for special collections. A new, purpose-built seat for the library was planned in what is now the Pole Mokotowskie, in a planned monumental "Government District". However, its' construction was hampered by the outbreak of World War II.
Before World War II, the library collections consisted of:
- 6.5 million books and journals from 19th and 20th centuries
- 3,000 early prints
- 2,200 incunables
- 52,000 manuscripts
- maps, icons and music
In 1940 the Nazi occupants changed the National Library into Municipal Library of Warsaw and divided it as follows:
- Department of Books for Germans (located in the Warsaw University building)
- Restricted Department, containing books that were not available to readers (located in the then main seat of the library - the School of Economics)
- All special collections from various Warsaw offices and institutions (located in the Palace of the Commonwealth)
In 1944 the special collections were set ablaze by the Nazi occupants as a part of repressions after the Warsaw Uprising.[6] 80,000 early printed books, including priceless 16th-18th century Polonica, 26,000 manuscripts, 2,500 incunabula, 100,000 drawings and engravings, 50,000 pieces of sheet music and theatre materials were destroyed.[7] It is estimated that out of over 6 million volumes in Warsaw's major libraries in 1939, 3.6 million volumes were lost during World War II, a large part of them belonging to the National Library.[8][9]
Collections
Today the collections of the National Library are one of the largest in the country. Among 7,900,000 volumes (2004) held in the library there are 160,000 objects printed before 1801, over 26,000 manuscripts (including 6887 music manuscripts), over 114,000 music prints and 400,000 drawings. The library collections include also photographs and other iconographic documents, more than 101,000 atlases and maps, over 2,000,000 ephemera, as well as over 2,000,000 books and about 800,000 copies of journals from 19th to 21st centuries. Notable items in the collection include 151 leaves of the Codex Suprasliensis, which was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2007 in recognition of its supranational and supraregional significance.[10]
See also
Notes
- ^ Pasztaleniec-Jarzyńska 2000, p. 5
- ^ a b Czechowicz, ¶ "After the fall..."
- ^ a b c Witt, ¶ "The Dispersal of the collection"
- ^ Basbanes, p. 185
- ^ Pasztaleniec-Jarzyńska 2000, p. 3
- ^ Knuth, p. 166
- ^ Pasztaleniec-Jarzyńska 2000, p. 9
- ^ Mężyński, p. 296
- ^ Balcerzak, p. 4
- ^ UNESCO, ¶ "The codex was written..."
References
- Template:En icon Nicholas A. Basbanes (2003). A Splendor of Letters: The Permanence of Books in an Impermanent World. Warsaw. ISBN 0-06-008287-9. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</ref> - Template:En icon Template:Pl icon various authors (2004). Tomasz Balcerzak (ed.). Pro memoria: Warszawskie biblioteki naukowe w latach okupacji 1939-1945. transl. Philip Earl Steele. Warsaw: Biblioteka Narodowa. p. 38.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|trans_title=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Template:En icon Katarzyna Czechowicz (August 14, 2007). "The 260th anniversary of opening the Załuski Library". eduskrypt.pl. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- Template:En icon Rebecca Knuth (2006). Burning books and leveling libraries: extremist violence and cultural destruction. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0-275-99007-9.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - Template:Pl icon Andrzej Mężyński (2010). Biblioteki Warszawy w latach 1939–1945. Straty Kultury Polskiej. Warsaw: Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. p. 367. ISBN 9788392922766.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Template:Pl icon Joanna Pasztaleniec-Jarzyńska; Halina Tchórzewska-Kabata (2000), The National Library in Warsaw: tradition and the present day, Warsaw: National Library, ISBN 83-7009-295-0
- Template:En icon UNESCO (corporate author) (2007). "Codex Suprasliensis". portal.unesco.org. UNESCO. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - Template:En icon Maria Witt (September 15 and October 15, 2005). "The Zaluski Collection in Warsaw". The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century. FYI France. ISSN 1071-5916. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
External links
- National libraries
- Research libraries
- Libraries in Warsaw
- Buildings and structures in Warsaw
- Buildings and structures in Poland destroyed during World War II
- 1928 establishments in Poland
- Libraries established in 1928
- Library buildings completed in 1930
- Deposit libraries
- Rebuilt buildings and structures in Poland