Nekhen
25°5′50″N 32°46′46″E / 25.09722°N 32.77944°E
- Hieraconpolis redirects here; for the ancient fortress in Egypt called Hieracon, see Hieracon
Nekhen, (Greek: Ἱεράκων πόλις, Strabo xvii. p. 817, transliterated as Hierakonpolis, Hieraconpolis, or Hieracompolis; Arabic: الكوم الأحمر Kom El-Ahmar) was the religious and political capital of Upper Egypt at the end of the Predynastic period (c. 3200–3100 BC) and probably, also during the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100–2686 BC).
It was the center of the cult of a hawk deity Horus of Nekhen, which raised in this city one of the most ancient temples in Egypt, and it retained its importance as the cult center of this divine patron of the kings long after, otherwise, it had declined.
The original settlement on the Nekhen site dates from Naqada I or the late Badarian cultures. At its height from about 3400 BC Nekhen had at least 5,000 and possibly as many as 10,000 inhabitants.
The ruins of the city originally were excavated toward the end of the nineteenth century by the English archaeologists James E. Quibell and F. W. Green. In the "principal deposit" of the temple of Nekhen they found important ceremonial Protodynastic artifacts such as the Narmer Palette [1] and the famous macehead bearing the name of King Scorpion.
More recently, the concession was excavated further by a multinational team of archaeologists, egyptologists, geologists, and members of other sciences, which was coordinated by Michael Hoffman until his death in 1990, then by Barbara Adams of University College, London and Dr. Renee Friedman representing the University of California, Berkeley and the British Museum until Barbara Adams's death in 2001, and by Renee Friedman thereafter.
"Fort"
The structure at Nekhen with the misnomer, "fort", [2] is a massive mud-brick enclosure, built by King Khasekhemwy of the Second Dynasty. It appears to be similar in structure and purpose as the 'forts' constructed at Abydos, and has no apparent military function. The true function of these structures is unknown, but they seem to be related to the rituals of kingship and the culture. [3]
The ritual structure was built on a Predynastic cemetery and excavations there, as well as the work of later brick robbers, have seriously undermined the walls and lead to the near collapse of the structure. For two years, during 2005 and 2006, the team lead by Renee Friedman was attempting to stabilize the existing structure and support the endangered areas of the structure with new mud-bricks. [4]