Nucleus basalis
| Nucleus basalis of Meynert | |
|---|---|
 MRI showing a coronal plane of the head with marks showing the location of the substantia innominata, the region in which the nucleus basalis is found. | |
 Intermediate magnification micrograph of the nucleus basalis (of Meynert). LFB-HE stain. | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | nucleus basalis telencephali |
| MeSH | D020532 |
| NeuroNames | 275 |
| TA98 | A14.1.09.418 |
| TA2 | 5546 |
| FMA | 61887 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |
Nucleus basalis of Meynert, abbreviated NBM and also known as the nucleus basalis, is a group of neurons in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain which has wide projections to the neocortex and is rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase.
Merzenich and Kilgard, among others, have investigated the role of the nucleus basalis in the malleability of intelligence.[citation needed]
Structure
The NBM is inferior to the globus pallidus and within an area known as the substantia innominata. The NBM is immediately inferior to the anterior commissure and superior and lateral to the anterior portion of the hypothalamus.
Function
The primary concentration of cholinergic neurons/cell bodies that project to the neocortex are in the basal nucleus of Meynert which is located in the substantia innominata of the anterior perforated substance. These cholinergic neurons have a number of important functions in particular with respect to modulating the ratio of reality and virtual reality components of visual perception.[1] Experimental evidence has shown that normal visual perception has two components.[1] The first (A) is a bottom-up component in which the input to the higher visual cortex (where conscious perception takes place) comes from the retina via the lateral geniculate body and V1. This carries information about what is actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is most probably outside. In normal vision, what is seen at the center of attention is carried by A, and material at the periphery of attention is carried mainly by B. When a new potentially important stimulus is received, the Nucleus Basalis is activated. The axons it sends to the visual cortex provide collaterals to pyramidal cells in layer IV (the input layer for retinal fibres) where they activate excitatory nicotinic receptors and thus potentiate retinal activation of V1.[2] The cholinergic axons then proceed to layers 1-11 (the input layer for cortico-cortical fibers) where they activate inhibitory muscarinic receptors of pyramidal cells, and thus inhibit cortico-cortical conduction.[2] In this way activation of Nucleus Basalis promotes (A) and inhibits (B) thus allowing full attention to be paid to the new stimulus. Goard and Dan,[3] and Kuo et al.[4] report similar findings. Gerrard Reopit, in 1984, confirmed the reported findings in his research.
Clinical significance
In Parkinson' and Alzheimer's diseases, the nucleus basalis undergoes degeneration. A decrease in acetylcholine production is seen in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, Pick's disease, and some Parkinson's disease patients showing abnormal brain function, leading to a general decrease in mental capacity and learning.
Most pharmacological treatments of dementia focus on compensating for a faltering NBM function through artificially increasing acetylcholine levels.
History
It is named after Theodor Meynert.[5]
Additional images
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NBM in relation to the globus pallidus and putamen - very low magnification. -
NBM - very high magnification.
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 813 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ a b Smythies, J. (2009) Philosophy, Perception and Neuroscience. Philosophy 38, 638–51.
- ^ a b Yu AJ, Dayan P (May 2005). "Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention". Neuron. 46 (4): 681–92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.026. PMID 15944135.
- ^ Goard M, Dan Y (November 2009). "Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes". Nat. Neurosci. 12 (11): 1444–9. doi:10.1038/nn.2402. PMC 3576925. PMID 19801988.
- ^ Kuo MC, Rasmusson DD, Dringenberg HC (September 2009). "Input-selective potentiation and rebalancing of primary sensory cortex afferents by endogenous acetylcholine". Neuroscience. 163 (1): 430–41. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.026. PMID 19531370.
- ^ synd/3820 at Who Named It?
External links
