Jump to content

Occupational health and safety in the casino industry

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There are unique occupational health issues in the casino industry, many of which are attributed to repetitive tasks and long-term exposures to hazards in the casino environment. Among these issues are cancers resulting from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke, musculoskeletal injury (MSI) from repetitive motion injuries while running table games over many hours, and health issues associated with shift work. Safety and regulatory agencies in the United States have implemented regulatory measures to address the specific risks associated with workers in the casino industry, and have made efforts to identify additional possible risks to casino workers, including noise-induced hearing loss and heavy metal poisoning from exposure to dust from coins.

Regulation

[edit]

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is empowered to educate employers and workers, set workplace standards, and enforce violations.[1] OSHA requires casinos to have a written safety plan specific to their location which commonly addresses risk factors for workers such as ergonomics, blood-born pathogens, personal protective equipment, food service, housekeeping, and slips/trips/falls.[2] Taken from regulations for sporting events, there are additional requirements for casino employees working in entertainment to help workers avoid hazards, injuries, and illness caused by theatrical scenery/rigging/props, wardrobe/hair/makeup, and audio/camera/projection/video/lighting.[3]

As of January 1, 2018, workers in Nevada have a 10-hour training course on these subject they must complete within 15 days of being hired. They must renew this certification every five years.[4] These rules are in place to prevent workplace hazards, injuries, and deaths which have occurred during performances.[5]

The National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) conducts free workplace Health Hazard Evaluations (HHE) under 29 U.S.C. 669(a)(6)[6] to identify workplace health hazards and make recommendations to reduce hazards.[7] NIOSH has evaluated casinos in the United States regarding employee exposure to second hand smoke,[8][9] noise,[10][11] and metal coin dust.[11]

Hazards

[edit]

Second hand smoke

[edit]

The primary cancer risk factor for casino workers is thought to be due to second hand smoke which can increase the risk of both lung cancer[7] and breast cancer (42% higher)[12][13] compared to the general population's risk.[14][15] Second hand smoke contains 700 chemicals that are known to cause cancer.[16] The Surgeon General of the United States determined in 2006 that exposure to second hand smoke is not safe at any level as smoke cannot be filtered by ventilation systems[16][17] and separate "no smoking" areas do not keep smoke out.[18][19] More typically, the heating and cooling systems distribute smoke throughout the building, rather than removing it.[20] Employees working in casinos have historically had higher levels of exposure to nicotine than other employees in the United States who reported exposure to second hand smoke.[21] Second hand smoke among casino workers is estimated to cost $112 per casino worker, per year in direct medical costs.[20][22]

In 1995, NIOSH evaluated non-smoking casino workers who worked in casinos that allowed smoking. The study found that these workers were exposed to elevated levels of nicotine in the air.[23] The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) publishes Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for chemical and physical agents as well as Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) each year that establishes a maximum exposure recommendation based on current scientific knowledge. As of 2018, the ACGIH recommends employees not be exposed to an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) of more than 0.5 μg/m3 to prevent damage to the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain or spinal cord.[24] In studying these non-smoking casino workers, NIOSH found they were exposed to nicotine levels in the air of 6-12 μg/m3. The investigators also took urine samples of the workers to estimate the internal dose the workers were absorbing and found they had blood cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) levels of 1.85 ng/ml after their shift. NIOSH monitored employees working in both "smoking" and "non-smoking" sections of the casino and found elevated levels of exposure in both, as measured in the air (externally) and in the worker's blood (internally). While all areas measured were above the recommended exposure limit, the highest concentrations were found at the poker tables. The national average at the time for non-smokers exposed in their work or home was 0.93 ng/ml. As a result of this study, NIOSH recommended that employees not be involuntarily exposed to smoke in the workplace.[23] However, NIOSH is only a research agency and their recommendations do not have the force of law or ability to force employers to comply.[7] Studies in casinos before and after smoking bans were enacted showed a decrease of 85-95% in cancer causing agents.[25] Based on these studies, NIOSH expanded its recommendation to make casinos in the United States 100% smoke free in 2009.[8] As of January 2023 there were 260 commercial and 148 Tribal Casinos in the United states, which don't permit smoking on the casino floor.[26]

Noise-induced hearing loss

[edit]

Casinos can protect their employees from high levels of ambient noise by locating their performing entertainment and slot machines in a separate physical location.[27] NIOSH has conducted one noise evaluation of a casino in 2003, but did not find any evidence that noise in that casino was loud enough to put employees at risk of hearing loss. As a preventative measure going forward, NIOSH recommended that noise levels be reevaluated whenever a new piece of equipment is installed or whenever employees express concerns about the noise level. NIOSH generally recommends that such noise assessments be conducted on the busiest nights of the week or whenever the noise is likely to be loudest as that is the time of greatest risk to workers and patrons.[28]

The ACGIH eight hour Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for sound is 85 A-weighted decibel (dBA). Exposure at or below this level of sound is expected to protect most workers from noise induced hearing loss over a 40-year career.[24] ACGIH's exposure limits are recommendations based on the most current science, though OSHA's standard still allows employers to expose workers to a maximum permissible exposure level (PEL) of 90 dBA for eight hours each day under 29 CFR 1910.95. OSHA also a 5 dBA exchange allowing this to increase to 100 dBA for four hours of work or decrease to 85 dBA when working a 16-hour shift. Casino workers were generally found to be exposed to an eight hour TWAs noise level of 76.4-81.8 dBA. Another key takeaway of the noise evaluation of the casino was that the highest noise detected was in the children's arcade with levels reaching 78 – 84 dBA.[28]

Metal dust from coin counting

[edit]

In 2000, NIOSH was asked to evaluate a casino for metal dust after employees reported eye, nose, and airway irritation that they thought might be related to the process used to count metal coins. NIOSH evaluated the air and employees for nickel, copper, and zinc because these metals make up the vast majority of modern US coins. All levels were below the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL), specifically nickel was 7 μg/m3 (REL 15 μg/m3), copper was 24 μg/m3 (REL 1,000 μg/m3), and zinc was below the limit of detection (REL 5,000 μg/m3).[29]

Shift work

[edit]

Those who work the night shift are known to be at increased risk of insomnia, disease, and death.[20] Studies of casino shift workers have found increased emotional and behavioral problems in their children as well as a six-times higher rate of divorce in men with children who have been married less than 5 years. Women with children were also three times more likely to get divorced while performing shift work at casinos. However, there was no increased rate of divorce in couples without children who performed shift work at casinos.[20][30] A 2012 study by the Kansas Health Institute recommended that casinos try to minimize this risk by keeping each worker on a consistent shift, rather than rotating them between days and nights. It stated that if shift rotation must occur, it is better to rotate employees forward from day into evening shifts.[20]

An increased frequency of breast cancer of 35%[31][32] has also been found in women who work night shifts.[33][34][35]

Injuries

[edit]

Efficiently dealing or running table games often require workers to perform the same motion over and over for many hours, potentially causing repetitive strain injuries.[36] The repeated lifting and reaching needed to successfully run table games may lead to musculoskeletal injury (MSI).[37] Musculoskeletal injuries in casino workers are most common in the upper extremity, back, and legs.[27] A table with a softer edge for the dealer to lean against will decrease nerve compression in the upper extremity.[27] Carpal tunnel, a disorder caused by compressing the median nerve as it passes through the wrist into the hand, has been found more frequently in table game dealers.[27][38]

In casinos, burns most commonly occur in preparation or delivery of foods, beverages, or oils since liquid or steam at only 155°F can burn or scald the skin.

Emotions can run high during gambling and this, combined with alcohol, which is often provided for free while playing, can lead patrons to become aggressive and agitated toward the staff or other players, potentially leading to assault and battery.[citation needed] Casinos also frequently have large amounts of money present, increasing the possibility of a robbery that can put an employee in a dangerous situation.[36]

Psychosocial hazards

[edit]

Casino workers have had panic attacks at work when the casino is understaffed.[39] They are also known to be at higher risk for gambling problems, alcoholism, and depression than the average person.[20]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "U.S. Department of Labor's OSHA partners with Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem to protect employees during construction | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  2. ^ "- OSHA Safety Plans and Posters - OshaFastFix". oshafastfix.com. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  3. ^ "OSHA General Industry Training and Reporting Requirements in Las Vegas, Nevada – OSHA General Industry". oshageneralindustry.com. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  4. ^ A.B. 190 (February 13, 2017). "ASSEMBLY BILL NO. 190–ASSEMBLYWOMAN DIAZ" (PDF). Retrieved November 24, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "OSHA General Industry Rules and Live Entertainment – OSHA General Industry". oshageneralindustry.com. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  6. ^ "29 U.S. Code § 669 - Research and related activities". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  7. ^ a b c "CDC - NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations (HHEs)". cdc.gov. 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  8. ^ a b Achutan, Chandran (May 2009). "Environmental and Biological Assessment of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Among Casino Dealers" (PDF). cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2005-0201-3080.pdf. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  9. ^ Trout, Douglas (July 1996). "HETA 95-0375-2590 Bally's Park Place Casino Hotel Atlantic City, New Jersey" (PDF). CDC HHE. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  10. ^ Tubbs, Randy (April 2004). "NIOSH HEALTH HAZARD EVALUATION REPORT" (PDF). NIOSH HHE. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Kiefer, Max (March 2001). "HETA 20010109 Lac Vieux Desert Resort and Casino Watersmeet, Michigan" (PDF). CDC HHE. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  12. ^ "Lab Study Suggests Second-Hand Smoke Ups Risk". Breastcancer.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  13. ^ "Women exposed to hazardous chemicals at work are 42 percent more likely to develop breast cancer, study finds". Ecology Center. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  14. ^ Brophy, James T; Keith, Margaret M; Watterson, Andrew; Park, Robert; Gilbertson, Michael; Maticka-Tyndale, Eleanor; Beck, Matthias; Abu-Zahra, Hakam; Schneider, Kenneth (2012-11-19). "Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with exposure to carcinogens and endocrine disruptors: a Canadian case–control study". Environmental Health. 11 (1): 87. Bibcode:2012EnvHe..11...87B. doi:10.1186/1476-069x-11-87. ISSN 1476-069X. PMC 3533941. PMID 23164221.
  15. ^ Sweeney, Ellen (January 2014). "The Individualization of Risk and Responsibility in Breast Cancer Prevention Education Campaigns". Policy Futures in Education. 12 (7): 945–960. doi:10.2304/pfie.2014.12.7.945. ISSN 1478-2103. S2CID 146859385.
  16. ^ a b Health, CDC's Office on Smoking and (2018-05-09). "CDC - Fact Sheet - Ventilation Does not Protect From Secondhand Smoke - Smoking & Tobacco Use". Smoking and Tobacco Use. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  17. ^ ASHRAE Board of Directors (October 22, 2010). "ASHRAE Position Document on Environmental Tobacco Smoke" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  18. ^ Office on Smoking and Health (US). "The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke A Report of the Surgeon General" (PDF). Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  19. ^ Office on Smoking and Health (US) (2006). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). PMID 20669524.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Lin, Tatiana Y.; Shoults, Catherine C.; Williams, Ivan; McMurtry, Caitlin. Potential Health Effects of Casino Development in Southeast Kansas (PDF) (Report). Kansas Health Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  21. ^ Trout, D.; Decker, J.; Mueller, C.; Bernert, J. T.; Pirkle, J. (March 1998). "Exposure of casino employees to environmental tobacco smoke". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 40 (3): 270–276. doi:10.1097/00043764-199803000-00009. ISSN 1076-2752. PMID 9531098.
  22. ^ Behan, D. F. (2005). "The Economic Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Schaumburg, Illinois: Society of Actuaries" (PDF). Society of Actuaries. Retrieved November 24, 2018. (adjusted to 2018 dollars)
  23. ^ a b Trout, Douglas (July 1996). "Health Hazard Evaluation Report 95-0375-2590 Bally's Park Place Casino Hotel Atlantic City, New Jersey" (PDF). Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  24. ^ a b "Annual Reports of the Committees on TLVs and BEIs". Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 8 (12): 1047–1059. December 1993. doi:10.1080/1047322x.1993.10388247. ISSN 1047-322X.
  25. ^ Repace, James (September 2004). "Respirable particles and carcinogens in the air of delaware hospitality venues before and after a smoking ban". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 46 (9): 887–905. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000141644.69355.52. ISSN 1076-2752. PMID 15354053. S2CID 29754917.
  26. ^ "List Of Non-Smoking Casinos in the USA". Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  27. ^ a b c d Lidster, Kia (November 29, 2013). "SPPH 565 Worksite Evaluation Casino Table Games Dealers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  28. ^ a b NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA #2003-0157-2934: Spirit Mountain Casino, Grand Ronde, Oregon (PDF) (Report). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  29. ^ Kiefer, Max (March 2001). "Health Hazard Evaluation Report 20010109 Lac Vieux Desert Resort and Casino Watersmeet, Michigan" (PDF). Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  30. ^ Presser, Harriet B. (February 2000). "Nonstandard Work Schedules and Marital Instability". Journal of Marriage and Family. 62 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00093.x. ISSN 0022-2445.
  31. ^ "Another Study Suggests Night Work Raises Risk". Breastcancer.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  32. ^ Menegaux, Florence; Truong, Thérèse; Anger, Antoinette; Cordina-Duverger, Emilie; Lamkarkach, Farida; Arveux, Patrick; Kerbrat, Pierre; Févotte, Joëlle; Guénel, Pascal (2012-06-26). "Night work and breast cancer: A population-based case-control study in France (the CECILE study)". International Journal of Cancer. 132 (4): 924–931. doi:10.1002/ijc.27669. ISSN 0020-7136. PMID 22689255. S2CID 22497544.
  33. ^ Grundy, Anne; Richardson, Harriet; Burstyn, Igor; Lohrisch, Caroline; SenGupta, Sandip K.; Lai, Agnes S.; Lee, Derrick; Spinelli, John J.; Aronson, Kristan J. (2013-12-01). "Increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term shift work in Canada". Occup Environ Med. 70 (12): 831–838. doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101482. ISSN 1351-0711. PMID 23817841. S2CID 10213244.
  34. ^ "Breast Cancer Risk Factors". Breastcancer.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  35. ^ "Light Exposure at Night". Breastcancer.org. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  36. ^ a b "Workplace Injuries Suffered by Casino Workers - St. Louis Work Injury Lawyer". St. Louis Workers Compensation & Work Injury Lawyer - Law Office of James M. Hoffmann. 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  37. ^ "WorkSafeBC". worksafebc.com. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  38. ^ "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome". Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  39. ^ Marouf, Fatma (May 17, 2016). "Banking on Unsafe Working Conditions: Placing Profits Before Protection of Casino & Hotel Workers' Human Rights in Deutsche Bank's U.S. Supply Chain" (PDF). Irvine School of Law. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
[edit]

National Occupational Research Agenda, Service Sector Council, 2018.

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work; Fact Sheet: Work related musculoskeletal disorders in the service and retail sectors, 2007.

American Cancer Society, Cancer Action Network. The Risks of Secondhand Smoke in Casinos

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupational_health_and_safety_in_the_casino_industry&oldid=1244638317"