Osamu Dazai
Osamu Dazai | |
|---|---|
 Dazai Osamu | |
| Born | 19 June 1909 Tsugaru, Aomori, Japan |
| Died | 13 June 1948 Tokyo, Japan |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Genre | novels, short stories |
| Literary movement | I novel, Buraiha |
Osamu Dazai (太宰 治, Dazai Osamu); (19 June 1909 – 13 June 1948) was a Japanese author who is considered one of the foremost fiction writers of 20th-century Japan. He is noted for his ironic and gloomy wit, his obsession with suicide, and his brilliant fantasy.
Biography
- The year before last I was expelled from my family and, reduced to poverty overnight, was left to wander the streets, begging help for various quarters, barely managing to stay alive from one day to the next, and just when I'd begun to think I might be able to support myself with my writing, I came down with a serious illness. Thanks to the compassion of others, I was able to rent a small house in Funabashi, Chiba, next to the muddy sea, and spent the summer there alone, convalescing. Though battling an illness that each and every night left my robe literally drenched with sweat, I had no choice but to press ahead with my work. The cold half pint of milk I drank each morning was the only thing that gave me a certain peculiar sense of the joy in life; my mental anguish and exhaustion were such that the oleanders blooming in one corner of the garden appeared to me merely flicking tongues of flame...
- Osamu Dazai, "Seascape with Figures in Gold" (1939)
Early life
Dazai was born Shuji Tsushima (津島修治, Tsushima Shuji), the eighth surviving child of a wealthy landowner in Tsugaru, a remote corner of Japan at the northern tip of Tōhoku in Aomori Prefecture. His father was a member of the House of Peers and was thus often away from home, and his mother was chronically ill after having given birth to 11 children, so he was brought up mostly by the servants.
Shuji was sent to boarding schools in Aomori for middle school and Hirosaki for higher school. An excellent student and an able writer even then, he edited student publications and contributed some of his own works. His life only started to change when his idol writer Akutagawa Ryunosuke committed suicide in 1927. Shuji started to neglect his studies, spending his allowance on clothes, booze and prostitutes and dabbling with Marxism, at the time heavily suppressed by the government. He frequently expressed guilt in his earliest writing about having been born into the incorrect social class. On 10 December 1929, the night before year-end exams that he had no hopes of passing, Shuji attempted to commit suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills, but he survived and managed to graduate the following year.
Shuji enrolled in the French Literature Department of the Tokyo Imperial University and promptly stopped studying again. In October, he ran away with geisha Hatsuyo Oyama and was formally expelled from his family. Nine days after the expulsion, Shuji attempted suicide by drowning off a beach in Kamakura with another woman (whom he barely knew), 19-year-old bar hostess Shimeko Tanabe. Shimeko died, but Shuji lived, having been rescued by a fishing boat, leaving him with a strong sense of guilt. Shocked by the events, Shuji's family intervened to drop a police investigation, his allowance was reinstated and in December Shuji and Hatsuyo were married.
This moderately happy state of affairs did not last long, as Shuji was arrested for his involvement with the banned Communist Party of Japan and, upon learning this, his elder brother Bunji promptly cut off his allowance again. Shuji went into hiding, but Bunji managed to get word to him that charges would be dropped and the allowance reinstated yet again if he solemnly promised to graduate and swear off any involvement with the party, and Shuji took up the offer.
Early literary career
In what was probably a surprise to all parties concerned, Shuji kept his promise and managed to settle down a bit. He managed to obtain the assistance of established writer Ibuse Masuji, whose connections enabled him to get his works published, and who helped establish his reputation.
The next few years were productive, Shuji wrote at a feverish pace and used the pen name "Osamu Dazai" for the first time in a short story called Train (1933): his first experiment with the first-person autobiographical style that later became his trademark. But in 1935, it started to become clear that Dazai could not graduate, and he failed to obtain a job at a Tokyo newspaper as well. He finished The Final Years, intended to be his farewell to the world, and tried to hang himself on 19 March 1935 - failing yet again.
Worse was yet to come, as less than three weeks after his third suicide attempt Dazai developed acute appendicitis and was hospitalized, during which time he become addicted to Pabinal, a morphine-based painkiller. After fighting the addiction for a year, in October 1936 he was taken to a mental institution, locked in a room and forced to quit cold turkey. The "treatment" lasted over a month, during which time Dazai's wife Hatsuyo committed adultery with his best friend Zenshirō Kodate. This eventually came to light and Dazai attempted to commit double suicide with his wife. They both took sleeping pills, but neither one died, so he divorced her. He quickly remarried, this time to a middle school teacher named Michiko Ishihara. Their first daughter, Sonoko, was born in June 1941.
In the 1930s and 1940s Dazai wrote a number of subtle novels and short stories that are frequently autobiographical in nature. His first novel, Gyofukuki (1933), is a grim fantasy involving suicide. Other stories written during this period include Dōke no hana (The Flowers of Buffoonery, 1935), Gyakkō (Against the Current, 1935), Kyōgen no kami (The God of Farce, 1936), and those published in his 1936 collection Bannen (Declining Years), which describe his sense of personal isolation and his debauchery.
Wartime years
Japan entered the Pacific War in December, but Dazai was excused from the draft because of his chronic chest problems (he was diagnosed with tuberculosis). The censors became more reluctant to accept Dazai's offbeat work, but he managed to publish quite a bit anyway, remaining one of the very few authors who managed to turn out interesting material in those years. A number of the stories, which Dazai published during World War II were retellings of stories by Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693). Other works include: Wartime works included Udaijin Sanetomo (Minister of the Right Sanetomo, 1943), Tsugaru (1944), Pandora no hako (Pandora's Box, 1945-46), and the delightful Otogizōshi (Fairy Tales, 1945) in which he retold a number of old Japanese fairy tales with vividness and wit.
His house was burned down twice in the American air raids against Tokyo, but Dazai's family escaped unscathed, with a son, Masaki, born in 1944. His third child, daughter Satoko (who later became famous writer Yuko Tsushima), was born in May 1947.
Postwar career
In the immediate post-war period, Dazai reached the height of his popularity.
He depicted a dissolute life in postwar Tokyo in Biyon no Tsuma (Villon's Wife, 1947). The narrator is the wife of a poet, who has abandoned her. She takes a job for a tavern keeper from whom her husband has stolen money. Her determination to survive is tested by hardships, rape and her husband's self-delusion, but her will is not broken.
In July 1947 Dazai's best-known work, Shayo (The Setting Sun, translated 1956) depicting the decline of the Japanese nobility after World War II was published, propelling the already popular writer into a celebrity. Always a heavy drinker, he became an alcoholic; he had already fathered a child out of wedlock with a fan, and his health was also rapidly deteriorating. At this time Dazai met Tomie Yamazaki, a beautician and war widow who had lost her husband after 10 days of married life. Dazai effectively abandoned his wife and children and moved in with Tomie, writing his quasi-autobiography Ningen Shikkaku (人間失格, No Longer Human, 1948, translated. 1958) at the hot-spring resort Atami.
Ningen Shikkaku deals with a character hurtling headlong towards self-destruction, all the while despairing of the seeming impossibility of changing the course of his life. The novel is told in a brutally honest manner, devoid of all sentimentality. At the end the young protagonist becomes a semi-invalid isolated in a hut on the outskirts of Tokyo, in the care of an old woman who has "violated him in a curious manner" several times. The story is an attack on the traditions of Japan, capturing the postwar crisis of Japanese cultural identity. The book is one of the classics of Japanese literature and has been translated into several foreign languages.
In the spring of 1948, he was working on a novelette scheduled to be serialized in the Asahi Shimbun newspaper, titled Gutto bai (Goodbye). It was an appropriate title, for on 13 June 1948, Dazai and Tomie finally succeeded in killing themselves, drowning in the rain-swollen Tamagawa Canal near his house. Their bodies were not discovered until June 19, which by eerie coincidence was his 39th birthday. His grave is at the temple of Zenrin-ji, in Mitaka, Tokyo.
There has been a persistent rumor that his final, successful suicide attempt was not a suicide at all, but that he was murdered by Tomie Yamazaki, who then killed herself after dumping his body in the canal. While providing a plot for various subsequent fictional novels and a Japanese TV drama, there has been no proof that there is any veracity in this rumor.
Writing style
The single most distinguishing feature of Dazai's works is their “first person” viewpoint. All of his stories are autobiographical in some manner. His modes of expression could take the form of a diary, essay, letter, journalistic type reporting, or soliloquy.
Dazai's works are also characterized by a profound pessimism, not surprising from an author who made several unsuccessful suicide attempts before finally succeeding. In his novels the protagonist similarly consider suicide as the only viable alternative to a hellish existence, yet (often) fail to kill themselves due to an equally savage apathy towards their own existence i.e. the question of whether to live or not becomes trivial. In his works, he shifts from pathos to comedy, from melodrama to humor, adjusting his vocabulary accordingly.
His opposition to the prevailing social and literary trends was shared by fellow members of the Buraiha school, including Ango Sakaguchi and Sakunosuke Oda.
Works by Dazai include
- Dōke no Hana, 1935
- Nijusseiki Kishu, 1937
- Kyoko no Hoko, 1937
- Ai to Bi ni Tsuite, 1939
- Joseito, 1939
- Bannen, 1939
- Onna no Kettō, 1940
- Shin Hamuretto, 1941
- Seigi to Bisho, 1942
- Udaijin Sanetomo, 1943
- Tsugaru, 1944
- Otogizōshi, 1945
- Sekibetsu, 1945
- Shin Shokokubanashi, 1945
- Pandora no Hako, 1946
- Fuyu no Hanabi, 1946
- Kyoshin no Kami, 1947
- Shayō, 1947
- Biyon No Tsuma, 1947
- Tokatonton, 1947
- Nyoze Gabun, 1948
- Ningen Shikkaku, 1948
- Goodbye, 1948 (Unfinished)
Selected bibliography of English translations
- The Setting Sun (斜陽 Shayô), translated by Donald Keene. Norfolk, Connecticut, James Laughlin, 1956. (Japanese publication: 1947).
- No Longer Human (人間失格), translated by Donald Keene. Norfolk, Connecticut, New Directions Publishers, 1958.
- Dazai Osamu, Selected Stories and Sketches, translated by James O’Brien. Ithaca, New York, China-Japan Program, Cornell University, 1983?
- Return to Tsugaru: Travels of a Purple Tramp (津軽), translated by James Westerhoven. New York, Kodansha International Ltd., 1985.
- Run, Melos! and Other Stories. Trans. Ralph F. McCarthy. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1988. Tokyo: Kodansha English Library, 1988.
- Crackling Mountain and other stories, translated by James O’Brien. Rutland, Vermont, Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1989.
- Blue Bamboo: Tales of Fantasy and Romance, translated by Ralph F. McCarthy. Tokyo and New York, Kodansha International, 1993.
References
- Lyons, Phyllis. The Saga of Dazai Osamu: A Critical Study With Translations. Stanford University Press (1985). ISBN-10: 0804711976
- O'Brian, James A. Dazai Osamu. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1975.
- O'Brian, James A., ed. Akutagawa and Dazai: Instances of Literary Adaptation. Cornell University Press, 1983.
- Ueda, Makoto. Modern Japanese Writers and the Nature of Literature. Stanford University Press, 1976.
- Wolf, Allan Stephen. Suicidal Narrative in Modern Japan: The Case of Dazai Osamu. Princeton University Press (1990). ISBN-10: 0691067740