Ovulidae
| Ovulidae | |
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| Living Cyphoma gibbosum with mantle extended, anterior end of animal towards the top of the image | |
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| Family: | Ovulidae Fleming, 1822
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Ovulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and the cowry allies.
Distribution
The ovulids are a widespread family, occurring mostly in tropical and subtropical waters, with most species in the Indo-West Pacific region. But a few species live in temperate waters.
Habitat
Ovulids are carnivorous molluscs that feed on polyps and tissues of Anthozoa (as do the genera Cyphoma and Pseudocyphoma). They live on, and eat, soft corals and sea fans, and they are usually regarded as ectoparasites of these sessile colonial organisms, to which they are anchored by a long and narrow foot. This extreme specialisation in their alimentary regime has caused important morphological modifications to their radula.[1][2]
Shell description
Ovulids mostly have smooth shiny shells with a very long aperture and a very low or invisible spire. The shell can be pyriform (shaped like a pear), ovate (egg-shaped) to sub-ovate, cylindrical or lanceolate (lance-shaped).
The shell is often monochromatic white, but in some species the shell is pink or reddish.
In a few species of ovulids, the shell quite closely resembles that of cowries. However in many other species, the shells are so elongate that they do not so much resemble the shells of that closely related family.
When these snails are alive, the mantle completely covers the shell almost all of the time. Pictures of living animals usually show the brightly colored and decorated mantle, which looks very different from the often rather plain, shiny surface of the shell.
The color patterns of the mantle closely resemble the color patterns of the host species. This is due to the phenomenon of "alimentary homochromy" (obtaining the same color as the host by feeding on the host). This phenomenon gives them a remarkable camouflage ability.
Taxonomy
2005 taxonomy
The following five subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
- Ovulinae Fleming, 1822
- tribe Ovulini Fleming, 1822 - synonyms: Amphiperatidae Gray, 1853; Simniini Schilder, 1927; Volvini Schilder, 1932
- tribe Eocypraeini Schilder, 1924 - synonym: Sulcocypraeini Schilder, 1932
- † Cypraediinae Schilder, 1927
- Jenneriinae Thiele, 1929 - synonym: Cyproglobinini Schilder, 1932
- Pediculariinae Gray, 1853
- Pseudocypraeinae Steadman & Cotton, 1943
See also Schiaparelli et al. (2005).[3]
2007 taxonomy
Fehse (2007)[4] have elevated subfamily Pediculariinae to family Pediculariidae and tribe Eocypraeini to family Eocypraeidae both to family level based on morphological research of the radulae, shell and animal morphology and the molecular phylogeny research of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.[4] Subsequently he has established new subfamilies Prionovolvinae and Aclyvolvinae.[4]
family Ovulidae
- subfamily Prionovolvinae Fehse, 2007
- subfamily Simniinae Schilder, 1925
- subfamily Ovulinae Fleming, 1828
- subfamily Aclyvolvinae Fehse, 2007
Genera
Genera within the family Ovulidae include:
Subfamily Prionovolvinae Fehse, 2007
- Adamantia Cate, 1973[4]
- Archivolva F. Lorentz, 2009[5]
- Calpurnus Montfort, 1810[4]
- Carpiscula Cate, 1973[4]
- Crenavolva Cate, 1973[4]
- Cuspivolva Cate, 1973[4]
- Dentiovula Hinds, 1844[4]
- Diminovula Iredale, 1930[4]
- Globovula Cate, 1973[4]
- Habuprionovolva Azuma, 1970[4]
- Lacrima Cate, 1973[4]
- Primovula Thiele, 1925[4]
- Prionovolva Iredale, 1930[4]
- Procalpurnus Thiele, 1939[4]
- Prosimnia Schilder, 1925[4]
- Pseudosimnia Schilder, 1925[4]
- Rotaovula Cate & Azuma in Cate, 1973[4]
- Sandalia Cate, 1973[4]
- Serratovolva Cate, 1973[4]
- Stohleroma Cate, 1973[4]
- Testudovolva Cate, 1973[4]
Subfamily Simniinae Schilder, 1925
- Cymbovula Cate, 1973[4]
- Cyphoma Röding, 1798[4]
- Dissona Cate, 1973[4]
- Neosimnia Fischer, 1884[4] - synonym: Spiculata Cate, 1973
- Pseudocyphoma Cate, 1973[4]
- Simnia Risso, 1826[4]
- Simnialena Cate, 1973[4]
Subfamily Ovulinae Fleming, 1828
- Calcarovula Cate, 1973[4]
- Kurodavolva Azuma, 1987[4]
- Ovula Bruguière, 1789[4]
- Pellasimnia Iredale, 1931[4]
- Phenacovolva Iredale, 1930[4]
- Takasagovolva Azuma, 1974[4]
- Volva Röding, 1798[4]
- Xandarovula Cate, 1973[4]
Subfamily Aclyvolvinae
- Aclyvolva Cate, 1973[4]
- Hiatavolva Cate, 1973[4]
- Kuroshiovolva Azuma & Cate, 1971[4]
subfamily ?
- Aperiovula Cate, 1973[citation needed]
- Delonovolva Cate, 1973[citation needed]
- Subsimnia[citation needed]
References
- ^ Thiele J. (1929). Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde, 1. Fischer, Jena, 376 pp.
- ^ Vayssière A. (1923). "Recherches zoologiques et anatomiques sur les mollusques de la famille des Cypraeidés, 1ère partie". Annales du Musée d’Histoire naturelle de Marseille Zoologie 18(1921): 1-120. Plates 1-14.
- ^ Schiaparelli, S.; Barucca M.; Olmo E.; Boyer M.; Canapa A. (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships within Ovulidae (Gastropoda: Cypraeoidea) based on molecular data from the 16S rRNA gene". Marine Biology. 147 (2): 411–420. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-1566-0. ISSN 1432-1793.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Fehse D. (2007). "Contributions to the knowledge of the Ovulidae. XVI. The higher systematics". Spixiana 30(1): 121-125. PDF.
- ^ Lorentz, F. (2009-05-28). "Archivolva". Ovulidae.com. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
Further reading
- Lorenz, F.; D.Fehse (2009). The Living Ovulidae: A Manual of the Families of Allied Cowries Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: ConchBooks.
- Dolin, L. & Ledon, D. (2002). "Nouveaux taxons et discussion de la systématique des genres correspondants d’Ovulidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) de l’Éocène inférieur de Gan (France)". Geodiversitas 24(2): 329–347. PDF.
External links
