Persicaria
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| Persicaria capitata | |
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| Genus: | Persicaria Mill. 1754
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Persicaria is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds[1]: 436 or smartweeds.[2] It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species occurring nearly worldwide.[2][3] The genus was segregated from Polygonum.[4]
Description
The genus includes annual and perennial herbs with taproots or fibrous root systems, or with rhizomes or stolons. The stems are often erect but may be prostrate along the ground, and some species are prickly.[2] The stems are self-supporting or twining and climbing.[5] The leaves are alternately arranged, deciduous, and variously shaped. The brownish or reddish ochrea may be leathery to papery. The inflorescence may be a panicle or a spikelike or headlike arrangement of fascicles of flowers. The flower is white, greenish, reddish, or purple, with the tepals partially fused together along the bases. The fruit is an achene which can take a number of shapes, including a disc or a sphere.[2]
Diversity
There are about 66,[6] 100[2] to 150 species[3][7] in this genus, depending on how it is defined.[4]
Species names include:[2][3][6][8][9]
- Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) M.Gómez
- Persicaria affinis (a synonym of Polygonum affine D. Don) – fleece flower
- Persicaria alata (a synonym of Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe)
- Persicaria alpina – alpine knotweed
- Persicaria amphibia (Polygonum amphibium) – amphibious bistort, water smartweed
- Persicaria amplexicaulis (Polygonum amplexicaule) – mountain fleece, red bistort
- Persicaria arcuata (Greene) Greene
- Persicaria arifolia – halberd-leaf tearthumb
- Persicaria attenuata (R.Br.) Sojak
- Persicaria barbata (L.) H.Hara
- Persicaria bicornis – pink smartweed
- Persicaria bistorta (Polygonum bistorta) – common bistort
- Persicaria bungeana – prickly smartweed
- Persicaria caespitosa (Blume) Nakai
- Persicaria campanulata (Polygonum campanulatum) – lesser knotweed
- Persicaria capitata (Polygonum capitatum) – pink-head knotweed, Japanese knotweed
- Persicaria careyi – Carey's smartweed is a synonym of Polygonum careyi
- Persicaria chinensis – Chinese knotweed
- Persicaria cliopolitana (Hance) Yonekura & H. Ohashi
- Persicaria decipiens – slender knotweed, willow-weed
- Persicaria dichotoma
- Persicaria dubia (Stein ex A. Br.) Fourr.
- Persicaria elatior is an unresolved name, may be a synonym of Polygonum elatius R.Br.
- Persicaria extremiorientalis
- Persicaria ferruginea (Wedd.) Soják
- Persicaria filiformis is a synonym of Antenoron filiforme var. filiforme, an unresolved name
- Persicaria foliosa (H.Lindb.) Kitag.
- Persicaria flaccida is a synonym of Polygonum pubescens Blume
- Persicaria glabra – smooth smartweed
- Persicaria glacialis is a synonym of Polygonum glaciale (Meisn.) Hook. f.
- Persicaria glandulopilosa (De Wild.) Soják
- Persicaria hirsuta – hairy smartweed
- Persicaria hispida (Kunth) M.Gómez
- Persicaria hybrida (Chaub.) Soják
- Persicaria hydropiper (Polygonum hydropiper) – water-pepper, marsh-pepper smartweed
- Persicaria hydropiperoides – swamp smartweed, mild water-pepper
- Persicaria hystricula (J.Schust.) Soják
- Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) SojákPersicaria laxmannii (Lepech.) H.Gross
- Persicaria lapathifolia (Polygonum lapathifolium) – pale persicaria
- Persicaria laxmannii (Lepech.) H.Gross
- Persicaria limbata (Meisn.) H.Hara
- Persicaria longiseta (Polygonum longisetum) – bristly lady's thumb
- Persicaria maculata (Raf.) Gray
- Persicaria maculosa (Polygonum persicaria) – Jesusplant, spotted lady's thumb, redshank
- Persicaria madagascariensis (Meisn.) S.Ortiz & Paiva
- Persicaria meisneriana – Mexican tearthumb
- Persicaria microcephala is a synonym of Polygonum microcephalum D. Don
- Persicaria milletii is an unresolved name that may be synonymous with Polygonum milletii
- Persicaria minor (Polygonum minus) – small water-pepper
- Persicaria mitis (Polygonum mite)
- Persicaria mollis (D. Don) H. Gross is a synonym of Polygonum molle D. Don
- Persicaria nepalensis (Polygonum nepalense) – Nepal knotweed
- Persicaria nogueirae S.Ortiz & Paiva
- Persicaria obtusifolia (Täckh. & Boulos) Greuter & Burdet
- Persicaria odorata is unresolved, but may be synonymous with Polygonum odoratum Lour. – Vietnamese coriander
- Persicaria orientalis (Polygonum orientale) – kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, prince's feather, princess-feather
- Persicaria paraguayensis (Wedd.) S.T. Kim & Donoghue
- Persicaria pensylvanica (Polygonum pensylvanicum) – Pennsylvania smartweed
- Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.Gross is a synonym of Polygonum perfoliatum L.– devil's tail, giant climbing tearthumb, mile-a-minute weed
- Persicaria poiretii (Meisn.) K.L. Wilson
- Persicaria posumbu(Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross is a synonym of Polygonum posumbu Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
- Persicaria praetermissa (Hook. f.) H. Hara is a synonym of Polygonum praetermissum Hook. f.
- Persicaria prostrata – creeping knotweed is an unresolved species name
- Persicaria pubescens (Blume) H. Hara is a synonym of Polygonum pubescens Blume
- Persicaria pulchra (Blume) Soják
- Persicaria punctata (Polygonum punctatum) – dotted knotweed
- Persicaria robustior – stout smartweed
- Persicaria runcinata is a synonym of Polygonum runcinatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
- Persicaria sagittata (Polygonum sagittatum) – American tearthumb, arrowleaf tearthumb, arrowvine
- Persicaria segetum (Kunth) Small
- Persicaria senegalensis
- Persicaria senticosa is a synonym of Polygonum senticosum (Meisn.) Franch. & Sav.
- Persicaria setacea – bog smartweed
- Persicaria setosula (A.Rich.) K.L.Wilson
- Persicaria sinuata (Royle ex Bab.) Rajbh. & R.Joshi
- Persicaria stagnina (Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.) Qaiser
- Persicaria strigosa – spotted knotweed
- Persicaria tenella (Blume) H. Hara
- Persicaria tenuicaulis (Bisset & S.Moore) Cubey is an unresolved name
- Persicaria thunbergii is a synonym of Polygonum thunbergii Siebold & Zucc.
- Persicaria tinctoria (Polygonum tinctorium) – Chinese indigo, polygonum-indigo
- Persicaria vaccinifolia (Wall. ex Meisn.) Ronse Decr. is a synonym of Polygonum vacciniifolium Wall. ex Meisn.
- Persicaria virginiana (Polygonum virginianum) – jumpseed
- Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr.
- Persicaria wallichii (Polygonum wallichii) – Himalayan knotweed, Kashmir plume
- Persicaria weyrichii (F.Schmidt) H.Gross
References
Wikispecies has information related to Persicaria.
Wikibooks' A Wikimanual of Gardening has more about this subject:
- ^ Stace, C.A. (2010). New flora of the British isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780521707725.
- ^ a b c d e f Persicaria. Flora of North America.
- ^ a b c Persicaria. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
- ^ a b Wilson, K. L. (1990). Some widespread species of Persicaria (Polygonaceae) and their allies. Kew Bulletin 45(4) 621-36.
- ^ Persicaria. FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.
- ^ a b "The Plant List: Persicaria". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. 2013.
- ^ Kantachot, C., et al. (2010). A synopsis of the genus Persicaria (Polygonaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forestry Bulletin (Botany) 38, 128-49.
- ^ Persicaria. Flora of Pakistan.
- ^ GRIN Species Records of Persicaria. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).