Pomace
Pomace (/ˈpʌməs/ PUM-əs), or marc (/ˈmɑːrk/; from French marc [maʁ]), is the solid remains of grapes, olives, or other fruit after pressing for juice or oil. It contains the skins, pulp, seeds, and stems of the fruit.
Grape pomace has traditionally been used to produce pomace brandy (such as orujo, grappa, zivania or törkölypálinka) and grape seed oil. Today, it is mostly used as fodder, as fertilizer, or to extract bioactive compounds like polyphenols from it.[1]
History
"Pomace" is derived from the Latin "pomum" (fruit and fruit tree).[2] The English were the first to use the term "pomace" to refer to the byproduct of cider production[clarification needed].[3]
In the Middle Ages, pomace wine with a low alcohol content of three or four percent was widely available. This wine was made by adding water to pomace and then fermenting it. Generally, medieval wines were not fermented to dryness; consequently the pomace would retain some residual sugar after fermenting.
Piquette
The Ancient Greeks and Romans used pomace to create a wine that later became known as piquette. This was an inferior wine normally given to slaves and common workers. After the wine grapes had been pressed twice, the pomace was soaked in water for a day and pressed for a third time. The resulting liquid was mixed with more water to produce a thin, weak wine.[4]
Uses
Apple pomace is often used to produce pectin and can be used to make ciderkin, a weak cider.
Grape pomace is used to produce pomace brandy and piquette. Most wine-producing cultures began making some type of pomace brandy after the principles of distillation were understood.
Winemaking
Pomace in winemaking differs, depending upon whether white wine or red wine is being produced.
In red wine production, pomace is produced after the free run juice (the juice created before pressing by the weight of gravity) is poured off, leaving behind dark blackish-red debris consisting of grape skins and stems. The color of red wine is derived from skin contact during the maceration period, which sometimes includes partial fermentation. The resulting pomace is more alcoholic and tannic than pomace produced from white wine production. Pomace from the Italian wine Amarone is macerated in Valpolicella wine to produce Ripasso.
In white wine production, grapes are quickly pressed after crushing to avoid skin contact with pomace as a byproduct of the pressing. The resulting debris is a pale, greenish-brown color and contains more residual sugars than it contains tannins and alcohol. This is the pomace normally used in brandy production.[3]
Other uses
Pomace is produced in large quantities in wine production, with disposal an important environmental consideration. Some wineries use the material as fertilizer, while others are selling it to biogas companies for renewable energy. As envisioned, pomace would be introduced into anaerobic digesters that contain microorganisms that aid in its decomposition and produce methane gas that could be combusted to generate power.[5]
Specific polyphenols in red wine pomace may be beneficial for dental hygiene. A study conducted at the Eastman Dental Center found that these polyphenols interfere with Streptococcus mutans, the bacterium in the mouth that causes tooth decay. Professor Hyun Koo, the lead researcher of the study, hopes to isolate these polyphenols to produce new mouthwashes that will help protect against cavities.[6]
Grape pomace is also used in the oil and gas industry as a lost circulation material in oil-based drilling muds due to the pomace being fibrous and tannin-rich.
A 2004 study conducted by Erciyes University in Turkey found that pomace can also act as a natural food preservative that interferes with E. coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus bacteria. Researchers pulverised the dried pomace from the white Turkish wine grape Emir Karasi and red Kalecik Karasi grapes; this was mixed with ethyl acetate, methanol or water and exposed to 14 different types of food bacteria. All 14 bacteria were inhibited to some degree by the pomace — depending on the grape variety and the concentration of the extract. The red wine Kalecik Karasi grape was the most effective; the researchers believed this was due to the higher concentration of polyphenols in red wine grape skins.[7]
Oenocyanin, a natural red dye and food-coloring agent, is produced from grape pomace. Tartrates (potassium bitartrate, 'cream of tartar') and grape polyphenols can also be manufactured from grape pomace.[3]
See also
References
- ^ Aizpurua-Olaizola, Oier; Ormazabal, Markel; Vallejo, Asier; Olivares, Maitane; Navarro, Patricia; Etxebarria, Nestor; Usobiaga, Aresatz (2015-01-01). "Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Consecutive Extractions of Fatty Acids and Polyphenols from Vitis Vinifera Grape Wastes". Journal of Food Science. 80 (1): E101–E107. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12715. ISSN 1750-3841.
- ^ Cfr. Latin dictionaries. V.gr. "Diccionario ilustrado latino-español", Editorial de las publicaciones Spes y Vox. 6ª ed., Barcelona, 1969 ad voces "pomum" and "malum"
- ^ a b c Robinson, Jancis (ed.) (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 534–535. ISBN 0-19-860990-6.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ Robinson, Jancis (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). p. 532.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ "GrapeVine". Wine Spectator: 16. Jan 31 – Feb 29, 2008.
- ^ "Red-wine waste can check cavities". The Times of India. Asian News International. January 3, 2008.
- ^ Gaffney, Jacob (September 23, 2004). "What a Waste! Grape Pomace Kills Food-Spoiling Bacteria". Wine Spectator.
Further reading
- Crowe, Alison (Aug–Sep 2005). "The Pomace Predicament". WineMaker.
- Hang, Y. D.; Woodams, E. E. (April 1985). "Grape pomace: A novel substrate for microbial production of citric acid". Biotechnology Letters. 7 (4): 253–254. doi:10.1007/BF01042372.
