Pouto Peninsula
The Pouto Peninsula is a landform on the northern Kaipara Harbour in Northland, New Zealand. The Peninsula runs in the north west to south east direction and is approximately 55 km long. The width varies from about 5.4 km to about 14 km, with the widest part of the peninsula near its southern end. The Tasman Sea is to the west, and the Kaipara Harbour is to the south. The Wairoa River and Kaipara Harbour are to the east. Dargaville and State Highway 12 lie directly to the north east of the peninsula.[1][2]
The most substantial settlement on the peninsula is Te Kopuru. The locality of Pouto, originally a Māori village, is in the south east of the peninsula.
Geography and conservation
Much of Pouto - over 600 ha - is covered by sand dunes, which are one of the largest unmodified dune systems in New Zealand. Many of the dunes rise over 100 m above sea level, and the highest reaches 214 m. There are also both permanent and temporary wetlands, and more than 20 freshwater lakes and swamps.[3] The interior is planted in exotic forests.[4]
Several threatened plants, birds, invertebrates and a freshwater fish are found on the peninsula.[3]
Shipwrecks
There have been 113 recorded shipwrecks on the coast of Pouto, because the low-lying peninsula makes the north head of the Kaipara Harbour treacherous, and there are a lack of landmarks on the peninsula from which to take bearings. Tradition recounts that Rongomai, the captain of the waka Māhuhu, drowned when his canoe capsized near the entrance to Kaipara Harbour in the early days of Māori settlement of New Zealand.[5][6] The first shipwreck in recorded history was of the Aurora, a 550-ton barque, in 1840,[7][8] and the most recent was the yacht Aosky in 1994.[4]
History
Descendants of the Māhuhu crew settled around Pouto and the South Head of Kaipara Harbour, possibly in the 13th century CE. Some of the crew of Aotea may have joined them in the 14th century. In the 15th century, Taramainuku, a grandson of the Arawa captain, settled at Pouto near the North Head, killing or driving away some of the previous occupants. According to tradition, the greater area of Kaipara is called after a hāngi Taramainuku hosted, at which the para fern (Marattia salicina) was served. "Kai" means food in the Māori language.[6]
In the late 17th century, or early 18th, Ngāti Whātua occupied the Pouto Peninsula as part of their move southwards.[9] In 1820, during the Musket Wars, Ngā Puhi laid siege to Ngāti Whātua's Tauhara pa near Pouto, but were unable to capture it. A truce was agreed, to be cemented by the marriage of a Ngā Puhi chief to the daughter of a Ngāti Whātua chief. During the festivities, Ngā Puhi and their allies suddenly turned on their hosts and massacred them.[10][11]
In 1874, a customs house and pilot station were built at Pouto. A signal mast was erected in the sandhills at North Head in 1876, 5–6 miles west of the station. The following year, a telegraph system was set up between the two.[12] A lighthouse was built at North Head in 1884. The customs office was shifted to Te Kopuru in 1903.[13] The lighthouse was automated in 1947, and closed in the mid 1950s. The structure still exists and was renovated in 1982-84.[14][15]
Gum-diggers operated on the peninsula from the 1870s and lasting into the 1930s, although kauri trees no longer grew there.[16] Dairy farming was established in the early 20th century.[17] Sand from Pouto was used to build dams in the Waitakere Ranges, and was also barged around the Kaipara Harbour.[18] The southern part of the peninsula was slow to be developed, with the road only reaching to Taingaehe in 1930, and extending another 35 km to Pouto itself in 1931. Until then, contact with the rest of the world was by steamer. The road wasn't metalled until the 1940s.[19]
Education
Pouto School is a coeducational full primary (years 1-8) school with a decile rating of 4 and a roll of 18.[20] A school was first established at Pouto in 1878.[21]
There is also a primary school at Te Kopuru.
Notes
- ^ Peter Dowling (editor) (2004). Reed New Zealand Atlas. Reed Books. pp. maps 6, 7, 10. ISBN 0-7900-0952-8.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Roger Smith, GeographX (2005). The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand. Robbie Burton. pp. maps 26, 30. ISBN 1-877333-20-4.
- ^ a b "Natural features of Pouto Peninsula". New Zealand Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ a b "Upper Kaipara Harbour". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ^ "Poutō, Kaipara Harbour heads". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ^ a b Byrne, Brian (2002). The Unknown Kaipara. p. 4. ISBN 0-473-08831-2.
- ^ Ryburn, Wayne (1999). Tall Spars, Steamers & Gum. p. 230. ISBN 0-473-06176-7.
- ^ Byrne, pp 170-71
- ^ Byrne, pp 4-6
- ^ Byrne, p 12
- ^ Polack, Joel Samuel (1838). New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures During a Residence in that Country Between the Years 1831 and 1837. pp. 204–5. Polack erroneously gives the year as 1826.
- ^ Byrne, pp 247-57; Ryburn, p 44
- ^ Ryburn, p 140-44
- ^ "Pouto Point and the Kaipara Lighthouse".
- ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of New Zealand: North Island". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- ^ Bradley, Edgar Kelsby (1982). The Great Northern Wairoa. p. 127.
- ^ Ryburn, pp 68, 170, 203
- ^ Ryburn, pp 161-62, 181
- ^ Ryburn, pp 170, 192
- ^ "Te Kete Ipurangi - Pouto School". Ministry of Education.
- ^ Ryburn, p 48