Princess Margaret of Prussia
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Princess Margaret of Prussia (Margarete Beatrice Feodora) (22 April 1872 – 22 January 1954) was a daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor and Victoria, Princess Royal. She married Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse. In 1926 they became Landgrave and Landgravine of Hesse. She lost three sons in the two World Wars.
Early life
Princess Margaret of Prussia was the last of the eight children of Frederick III, German Emperor, then heir of the German Empire and his wife, Victoria, Princess Royal, Queen Victoria's eldest daughter. Born on 22 April 1872 in the Hohenzollern's New Palace in Potsdam, by the time the infant was christened, her head was covered with short hair like moss, from which she acquired her nickname "Mossy".[1] She was named Margarethe Beatrice Feodora, and Margaret, the Crown Princess of Italy, was her godmother.[1]
Princess Margaret grew up amid great privilege and formality.[2] Together with her sisters, Princess Viktoria and Princess Sophie, Margaret was deeply attached to her parents, forming an antagonist group to that of her eldest siblings, William II, Princess Charlotte and Prince Heinrich. She remained close to her mother after the death of her father. Margaret was widely regarded as the most popular of Kaiser Wilhelm II's sisters, and she maintained good relations with a wide array of family members.[2] She was a first cousin of both King George V of the United Kingdom and Empress Alexandra of Russia, all grandchildren of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
Marriage
Princess Margaret was first attracted to Prince Max of Baden.[3] When he did not reciprocate her affection. she moved on to her second choice, Max's close friend, Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, future head of the Hesse-Kassel dynasty and future elected King of Finland.[3] They were married on 25 January 1893 at the Hohenzollern Stadtschloss in Berlin on the anniversary of her parents' wedding.[4]
At the time of the wedding, Prince Frederick Charles was not the Head of the House of Hesse-Kassel.[5] The position was held by his older and virtually blind brother Landgrave Alexander Friederich, who relinquished it in the mid-1920s in order to enter an unequal marriage.[5] Prince Frederick Charles, as was his title when he married, was addressed as His Highness, while Princess Margaret warranted Royal Highness. This disparity came to an end in 1925 when Frederick Charles became Landgrave of Hesse and Head of the house of Hesse-Kassel.[5]
They were distant relatives, his mother having also been a Prussian Princess. The marriage was very happy. Princess Margaret had a strong personality; she would always seem more secure and grounded than her husband.[3] The couple's main residence during the early years of marriage was Schloss Rumpenheim. In 1901, Princess Margaret inherited Schloss Friedrichshof at the death of her mother.[2] It was highly unconventional for a husband to reside in his wife's home. However, Margaret was committed to maintain the house of her mother which entailed a great expense and the family moved to Friedrichshof.[2]
In 1918, Margaret's husband accepted the offer of the throne of newly-independent Finland, but due to German misfortunes in World War I, soon renounced it. She would have become the Queen of Finland. Her predecessor as Queen-Consort of Finland was her first cousin, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (who was also Grand Duchess Consort of Finland).
Children
Landgravine Margaret and her husband Frederick Charles of Hesse had six children, including two sets of twins:
- Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Hesse-Kassel (1893–1916), killed in action WWI
- Prince Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel (1894–1914), killed in action WWI
- Prince Philipp of Hesse-Kassel (1896–1980), married to Princess Mafalda of Savoy, had issue
- Prince Wolfgang of Hesse-Kassel (1896–1989), married Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden, no issue
- Prince Christoph of Hesse-Kassel (1901–1943), married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, had issue, killed in action WWII
- Prince Richard of Hesse-Kassel (1901–1969)
Family tragedies
Margaret's elder sons, Friedrich Wilhelm and Maximilian, were killed in action during World War I. Prince Maximilian, Princess Margaret's second and favorite son, was serving near Aisne when he was seriously wounded by machine gun fire in October 1914.[6] He died soon afterward and his body was secretly buried in the village of Caestre by the local people, who learned he was the Kaiser's nephew. The priest refused to identify the grave until the Germans had left Belgium and a compensation was paid.[who?] Max's younger brother Wolfgang appealed for help to the British authorities, and eventually, after an enquiry was made, Maximilian's body was returned to his family. Princess Margaret's oldest son, Friedrich Wilhelm died on 12 September 1916 at Kara Orman in Romania. He was killed in close fighting; his throat was slit by an enemy bayonet.[7]
Two other sons, Philipp and Christoph, embraced Nazism, hoping that Hitler would one day restore the German monarchy. Philipp married Princess Mafalda, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.[8] Due to his close relations with the King of Italy, Philipp was appointed in 1939 to Hitler's personal staff, since he could be a useful channel of communications between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. When he realized the reality of Nazism, he tried to resign, but he was not able to do so. He used his position and his money to provide passports for Jews and help them to escape to Holland. Publicly, he continued with his duties and occasionally he made private missions in Italy for Hitler. When Italy capitulated, he personally informed Hitler. Hitler's revenge recoiled on Philipp, who was arrested in a concentration camp for political prisoners. Mafalda was taken to Buchenwald, where she died of a hemorrhage caused by the amputation of her arm.[9] Landgravine Margaret's fifth son, Christoph, was a staunch supporter of the German war effort, but after the Battle of Stalingrad, he became frustrated by the limitations placed on his own role in the conflict, and increasingly critical of the German leadership.[10] The Nazi regime turned against his family and he was planning to leave the Nazi party when, in 1943, he died on a plane crash.[11] He was married to Princess Sophie of Greece, a sister of Prince Philip, Queen Elizabeth II's husband. Landgravine Margaret also lost one of her daughters-in-law during the war. Wolfgang's wife, Princess Marie Alexandra, when she and seven other women who were aid workers were killed in a bomb attack on Frankfurt on 29–30 January 1944.[12] The cellar in which they had taken refuge collapsed under the weight of the building, rendering Marie Alexandra's body barely recognizable.[13]
Landgravine Margaret, very much the matriarch, was at the center of her large and dynamic family.[3] During and after World War II, she took care of many of her grandchildren and tried to preserve a center at Friedrichshof as their parents faced various tribulations.[3]
Last years
Landgravine Margaret had difficult years after 1945; they were compounded by the theft from Schloss Friedrichshof in November 1945 of the family jewellery, valued at over 2 million pounds.[14] After World War II, Friedrichshof was used as an officer's club by the military authorities during the American occupation. Princess Margaret's son Wolfgang, fearing for the jewels, had buried them in a subcellar of the castle.[14] On 5 November 1945, the manager of the club, Captain Kathleen Nash, discovered the jewels and together with her future husband, Colonel Jack Durant, and Major David Watson, stole the treasure and took the jewels out of Germany.[15] In early 1946, Princess Margaret discovered the theft when the family wanted to use the jewels for the wedding of Princess Sophia who was preparing to remarry. Princess Sophia and Landgravine Margaret denounced it to the Frankfurt authorities; the culprits were imprisoned but not until August 1951; the Hesse family received what had been recovered, only 10 percent of what had been stolen.[16]
Landgravine Margaret, the last surviving child of Emperor Frederick III, died in Kronberg on 22 January 1954,[17] 22 years after her husband and exactly 53 years to the day after her British grandmother Queen Victoria. She was 81 years old.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Honours
Ancestry
Notes
- ^ a b Pakula, An Uncommon Woman , p. 298
- ^ a b c d Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 34
- ^ a b c d e Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 35
- ^ Pakula, An Uncommon Woman , p. 557
- ^ a b c Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 33
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 43
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p.44
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 75
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 303
- ^ Petropoulos ,Royals and the Reich , p. 307
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 308
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 317
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 318
- ^ a b Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 344
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 345
- ^ Petropoulos,Royals and the Reich , p. 349
- ^ Pakula, An Uncommon Woman , p. 599
Bibliography
- Pakula, Hannah, An Uncommon Woman, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995, ISBN 0684842165
- Petropoulos, Jonathan, Royals and the Reich, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, ISBN 0195161335