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Prostanthera lasianthos

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Prostanthera lasianthos
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Lamiaceae
Genus:
Prostanthera
Species:
P. lasianthos
Binomial name
Prostanthera lasianthos

Prostanthera lasianthos, commonly known as the Victorian Christmas bush, is a large shrub or small tree of the mint family, Lamiaceae, which is native to Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania in Australia. It grows up to 10 m (35 ft) high but is usually much less and is found in wet sclerophyll forests, often beside creeks. Its flowers, which appear in profuse sprays, are about 2 cm long and white or pale lilac, with purple and orange blotches in the throat. They appear in late spring and summer, and specifically around Christmas time in Victoria. The fragrant, toothed leaves are 4 to 12 cm (sometimes 15 cm ) long and about 1.5 cm wide.

Description

Flowers of P. lasianthos

Prostanthera lasianthos is the largest member of the mint bush genus Prostanthera. Highly variable in habit, it ranges from a 10-metre-high (30 ft) tree in sheltered forest to a 2-metre-high (7 ft) shrub in exposed montane areas.[1] Arranged oppositely (arising in pairs) along the stems on 0.6–1 cm long petioles, the dark green ovate leaves are 4 to 12 cm (sometimes 15 cm ) long and about 10-3.2 cm wide with a tapering acute apex. The leaf undersurface is paler. The flowers appear anywhere from November to March, and are arranged in a terminal botryoid, branched-botryoid or panicle.[2] Mauve-flowered shrubs are often encountered at higher altitudes.[3] Having a fragrance akin to honey,[4] the flower is composed of a 4–5 mm long calyx with a 2–3 mm long calyx tube. The white to pale mauve corolla is 10–15 mm long, and has purple spots in its throat.[2]

Taxonomy

French naturalist Jacques Labillardière described the Victorian Christmas bush in volume 2 of his Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen in 1806, from a specimen collected in Van Diemens Land (Tasmania).[5] The specific epithet is derived from the Greek words lasios "hairy" and anthos "flower".[6] It is the type species within the genus Prostanthera. It is most closely related to P. tallowa.[7] The mint bush genus belongs to the family Lamiaceae, which also contains the true mint species and other familiar aromatic kitchen herbs.[8]

The species is also known as Victorian Christmas bush,[2] or local aboriginal names including coranderrk (Woi wurrung) and geringdah (Daung wurrung).[9]

A number of variants have been identified over the years with uncertain taxonomic status:

  • P. lasianthos var. subcoriacea, originally discovered in the Grampians in Victoria.[10] It grows to 1.5-2.5 m high by 2–3 m across, with leathery leaves with serrate margins, and white to mauve flowers.[4]
  • Prostanthera sp. Bald Mountain (also included in what is referred to as the P. lasianthos Girraween/Polblue variant)[11]
  • Prostanthera sp. Point Lookout (also known as P. lasianthos New England smooth-leaved variant)[12]
  • Prostanthera sp. Mt Kaputar (formerly included in the P. lasianthos var. subcoriacea variant)[13]
  • Prostanthera sp. Schofields Gap (also included in what is referred to as the P. lasianthos Girraween/Polblue variant)[14]
  • Prostanthera sp. Wollomombi Gorge (also included in what is referred to as P. lasianthos Rheophytic variant)[15]

Distribution and habitat

P. lasianthos is found from Queensland to Tasmania. It occurs in a wide range of habitat, from riparian (river bank) habitats in wet forest to dry subalpine areas.[1] In the Central Coast and Central Tablelands regions of New South Wales it grows in rainforest with such species as yellow sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), in wet sclerophyll forest with cedar wattle (Acacia elata), brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata), and in dry sclerophyll forest with such species as forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana).[16]

Ecology

Structurally, the flower of P. lasianthos is thought to be designed to attract insects as it has a white to mauve corolla, shallow and wide floral tube, and a large abaxial lobe. However, pollinators of mint bushes in general are poorly known. Birds have been recorded visiting the flowers.[17]

Cultivation

A fast growing plant,[18] Prostanthera lasianthos adapts to diverse conditions in the garden, being at home in light or heavy soils and in sunny or shaded positions,[1] even heavy shade.[18] Prostanthera lasianthos is moderately frost-hardy and can withstand some snowfall.[4] It can be pruned into different shapes and old plants can be rejuvenated this way;[1] plants that are not pruned can otherwise become top-heavy.[4] Flowering occurs in November in the Canberra region—earlier than in Victoria. Suckering has been observed.[1] It can be propagated by seeds or taking cuttings of firm young growth.[4] Seed stored for longer than three months at room temperature often fails to germinate.[16]

Cultivars include 'Kallista Pink', a tall pink-flowering form that flowers profusely,[4] and 'Mint Ice', a form with variegated foliage, both from the Dandenong Ranges in Victoria.[19][20] Another tall cultivar, 'Liffey Falls' has lilac flowers.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e ANBG staff (10 November 2015) [1973]. "Prostanthera lasianthos Victorian Christmas Bush". Growing Native Plants. (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "Prostranthera lasianthos". PlantNET - New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  3. ^ Costermans, Leon (1981). Native Trees and Shrubs of South-eastern Australia. Australia: Rigby. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-7270-1403-0.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1997). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 7 – N-Po. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 0-85091-634-8.
  5. ^ Labillardiere, J.J.H. de (1806). "15". Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen. Vol. 2. p. 157.
  6. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 63, 407. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
  7. ^ Wilson, Trevor C.; Conn, Barry J.; Henwood, Murray J. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of Prostanthera (Lamiaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 25 (5): 341–52. doi:10.1071/SB12006.
  8. ^ Walters, Brian. "The Mint Bush Family - Background". Plant Guide. Australian Native Plants Society (Australia).
  9. ^ "Aboriginal Land". Forest Secrets. Museum of Victoria. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
  10. ^ "Prostanthera lasianthos var. subcoriacea F.Muell. ex Benth". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  11. ^ "Prostanthera sp. Bald Mountain (M.S.Clemens AQ336575) I.Telford". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  12. ^ "Prostanthera sp. Point Lookout". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  13. ^ "Prostanthera sp. Mt Kaputar". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  14. ^ "Prostanthera sp. Schofields Gap". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  15. ^ "Prostanthera sp. Wollomombi Gorge (J.B.Williams NE73839) I.Telford". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  16. ^ a b Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1997). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 5 Dicotyledon families Flacourtiaceae to Myrsinaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 5 (2): 330–544 [427].
  17. ^ Wilson, Trevor (June 2013). "Eichler Research Fund reports: Phylogeny, classification and pollination biology of Prostanthera (Lamiaceae)" (PDF). Australasian Systematic Botany Society Newsletter (155): 5–6.
  18. ^ a b Walters, Brian. "The Mint Bush Family - Cultivation". Plant Guide. Australian Native Plants Society (Australia).
  19. ^ "Prostanthera 'Kallista Pink'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  20. ^ "Prostanthera 'Mint Ice'". Descriptions of Registered Cultivars. Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
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