Proto-Iranian language
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Proto-Iranian, or Proto-Iranic,[1] is the reconstructed proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family, and as such, the ancestor of the Iranian languages such as Persian, Sogdian, Zazaki, Mazandarani, Kurdish and others. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the early 2nd millennium BC, and are usually connected with the Proto-Indo-Iranians and early Andronovo archaeological horizon.
Proto-Iranian was a Satem language descended from the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, which in turn came from the Proto-Indo-European language. It was likely removed less than a millennium from the Avestan language, and less than two millennia from PIE.
Proto-Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Phonological Correspondences
PIE | Av | PIE | Av | |
---|---|---|---|---|
*p | → | p | *ph?ater "father" | pitar- "father" |
*bʱ | → | b | *bʱréhater "brother" | bratar- "brother |
*t | → | t | *tuhxóm "thou" | tvm "thou" |
*d | → | d | *doru "wood" | dar- "wood" |
*dʱ | → | d | *dʱohxneha- "grain" | dana- "grain" |
*kʲ | → | s | *dékʲm? "ten" | dasa "ten" |
*gʲ | → | z | *gʲónu "knee" | zanu- "knee" |
*gʱʲ | → | z | *gʱʲimós "cold" | z?maka- "winterstorm" |
*k | → | x ~ c | *kruharós "bloody" | xrura- "bloody" |
*g | → | g ~ z | *haéuges- "strength" | aojah "strength" |
*gʱ | → | g ~ z | *dl?hxgʱós "long" | dar?ga- "long" |
*kʷ | → | k ~ c | *kʷós "who" | ko "who" |
*gʷ | → | g ~ j | *gʷou- "cow" | gau- "cow" |
Proto-Indo-Iranian | Avestan[2] | Old Persian | Persian | Vedic Sanskrit |
---|---|---|---|---|
*aćva ("horse") | aspa | asa (native word)[3] | اسب asb (horse) | aśvaḥ |
*bʱag- | baγa | baj- (baji; "tribute") | باج bâj (tax) | bhag- (bhaga) |
*bʱratr- ("brother") | brātar | bratar | برادر barâdar (brother) | bhratŗ |
*bʱumi ("earth", "land") | bumi | بوم bum | bhumi | |
*martya ("mortal", "man") | mašiia | martya | مرد mard (man) | martya |
*masa ("moon") | māh- | maha | ماه mâh (moon, month) | masa |
*vasara ("early") | vahara ("spring") | بهار bahâr (spring) | vasara ("morning") | |
*arta ("truth") | aša | arta | (?) راست râst (correct) | ŗta |
*draugʱ- ("falsehood") | druj | draug- | دروغ dorugh (lie) | druh- |
*sauma "pressed (juice)" | haoma | soma |
References
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
Look up Appendix:Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- ^ The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy By Mario Liverani
- ^ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2003). An Introduction to Young Avestan. pp. Glossary.
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin (2004). Indo-European language and Culture: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-4051-0316-9.