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[[Plane Stupid]] then was launched in 2005, in an attempt to combat the growing airport expansions in the UK using [[direct action]] with a year later the first [[Camp for Climate Action]] being held with 600 people attending a protest called ''Reclaim Power'' converging on [[Drax power station|Drax Power Station]] in [[North Yorkshire]] and attempted to shut it down. There were thirty-eight arrests, with four breaching the fence and the railway line being blocked.<ref>{{cite paper|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article1223134.ece|title=The Battle of Drax: 38 held as protest fails to close plant|work=[[The Independent]]|date=[[2006-09-01]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1862662,00.html|title=In the shadow of Drax, not so much a fight as a festival|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=[[2006-09-01]]}}</ref>
[[Plane Stupid]] then was launched in 2005, in an attempt to combat the growing airport expansions in the UK using [[direct action]] with a year later the first [[Camp for Climate Action]] being held with 600 people attending a protest called ''Reclaim Power'' converging on [[Drax power station|Drax Power Station]] in [[North Yorkshire]] and attempted to shut it down. There were thirty-eight arrests, with four breaching the fence and the railway line being blocked.<ref>{{cite paper|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article1223134.ece|title=The Battle of Drax: 38 held as protest fails to close plant|work=[[The Independent]]|date=[[2006-09-01]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1862662,00.html|title=In the shadow of Drax, not so much a fight as a festival|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=[[2006-09-01]]}}</ref>


===Campaigns and organizations===
===Movements/organizations===
*[[Earth First!]]
*[[Earth First!]]
*[[Earth Liberation Army]] (ELA)
*[[Earth Liberation Army]] (ELA)

Revision as of 11:43, 5 March 2008

Radical environmentalism, is a grassroots branch of the larger environmental movement that emerged out of an ecocentrism-based frustration with the co-option of mainstream environmentalism. It is the ideology behind the radical environmental movement.

As a movement

Philosophy

The radical environmental movement aspires to what scholar Christopher Manes calls "a new kind of environmental activism: iconoclastic, uncompromising, discontented with traditional conservation policy, at time illegal ..." Radical environmentalism presupposes a need to reconsider Western ideas of religion and philosophy (including capitalism, patriarchy[1] and globalization)[2] sometimes through "resacralising" and reconnecting with nature.[1]

The movement is typified by leaderless resistance organisations such as Earth First!, which subscribe to the idea of taking "direct action" in defense of "mother earth" including civil disobedience, ecotage and monkeywrenching.[1] Movements such as the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and Earth Liberation Army (ELA) also take this form of action, although focus on economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare, rather than civil disobedience.[3] Radical environmentalists include; earth liberationists, animal liberationists, bioregionalists, green anarchists, deep ecologists, ecopsychologists, ecofeminists, neo-Pagans, Wiccans, anti-globalisation and anti-capitalist protesters.[1]

History

Main articles: Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom, Timeline of Earth Liberation Front actions, List of acts claimed by the ALF, Green Scare, Street of Dreams arson fires, and M11 link road protest
Further information: Ecotage, Monkeywrenching, Earth liberation and Leaderless resistance
The symbol of Earth First!: a Monkey wrench and stone hammer.
File:Hornebeagles.jpg
An ALF raid removing 82 beagles and 26 rabbits from Interfauna in Cambridge on St Patrick's Night 1990.[4]
File:SkiResort.jpg
The ELF arson at the Vail Ski, Colorado, in 1998 caused an estimated $12 million in damages.[5]
File:Climate Camp 04.jpg
Camp for Climate Action protesters on their way to Drax Power Station in August 2006.

Whilst many people believe that the first significant radical environmentalist group was Greenpeace, which made use of direct action beginning in the 1970s to confront whaling ships and nuclear weapons testers, [6] others within the movement, argues as Earth Liberation Front (ELF) prisoner Jeff "Free" Luers, suggests that the movement was established centuries ago. He often writes that the concept of "eco-defence" was born shortly after the existence of the human race, claiming it is only recently that within the modern development of human society, and individuals loosing touch with the earth and its wild roots, that more radical tactics and political theories have emerged. [2][7]

The alertnative tactic of using explosive and incendiary devices was then established in 1976, by John Hanna and others as the Environmental Life Force (ELF), also now known as the original ELF. The group conducted a campaign of armed actions in northern California and Oregon, later disbanding in 1978 following Hanna's arrest for placing incendiary devices on seven crop-dusters at the Salinas, California airport on May Day, 1977.[8] It wasn't until over a decade and a half later that this form of guerrilla warfare resurfaced using the same acronym.

In 1980 Earth First! was founded by Dave Foreman and others to confront environmental destruction, primarily of the American West. Inspired by the Edward Abbey novel "The Monkey Wrench Gang", Earth First! made use of such techniques as treesitting[9] and treespiking[10] to stop logging companies, as well as other activities targeted towards mining, road construction,[11] suburban development and energy companies.

The organization were committed to nonviolent ecotage techniques from the group's inception, with those that split from the movement in the 1990s including the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) in 1992, naming themselves after the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) who formed in the 1970s.[12] Three years later in Canada, inspired by the ELF in Europe the first Earth Liberation direct action occured, but this time as the Earth Liberation Army (ELA), a similar movement who use ecotage and monkeywrenching as a tool, although no guidelines had been published.

The ELF gained national attention for a series of actions which earned them the label of eco-terrorists,[13][14] including the burning of a ski resort in Vail, Colorado in 1998, and the burning of an SUV dealership in Oregon in 1999. In the same year the ELA had made headlines by setting fire to the Vail Resorts in Washington, D.C., causing $12 million in damages.[15] The defendants in the case were later charged in the FBI's "Operation Backfire", along with other arsons and cases, which were later named by environmentalists as the Green Scare; alluding to the Red Scare, periods of fear over communist infiltration of U.S. [16][17]

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks several laws were passed increasing the penalty for ecoterrorism, and hearings were held in Congress discussing the activity of groups such as the ELF. To date no one has been killed as a result of an ELF or ALF action since both groups forbid harming human or non-human life. [18] It was then announced in 2003 that "eco-terrorist" attacks, known as "ecotage", had increased from the ELF, ELA and the "Environmental Rangers", another name used be activists when engaging in similar activity.[19]

In 2005 the FBI announced that the ELF, is America's greatest domestic terrorist threat, responsible for over 1,200 "criminal incidents" amounting to tens of millions of dollars in damage to property,[20] with the United States Department of Homeland Security confirming this regarding the ALF and ELF.[21]

Plane Stupid then was launched in 2005, in an attempt to combat the growing airport expansions in the UK using direct action with a year later the first Camp for Climate Action being held with 600 people attending a protest called Reclaim Power converging on Drax Power Station in North Yorkshire and attempted to shut it down. There were thirty-eight arrests, with four breaching the fence and the railway line being blocked.[22][23]

Movements/organizations

New religious movement

Radical environmentalism has been called a new religious movement by Bron Taylor (1998). Taylor contends that "Radical environmentalism is best understood as a new religious movement that views environmental degradation as an assault on a sacred, natural world." [18]

Conservative political pundit Ann Coulter[24] and novelists Michael Crichton[25], Bron Taylor[26] and Tom Clancy[27] also depict it as a religion, calling it amongst other things; adherents "Druids" and fictional as a theory.

See also

Further reading

  • Best, Steven and Nocella, Anthony J. Igniting A Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, AK Press, 2006. ISBN 1-904859-56-9
  • Wall, Dereck. Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement: Radical Environmentalism, Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0415190649
  • List, Peter. Radical Environmentalism: Philosophy and Tactics, Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1993. ISBN 0534177905
  • Davis, John. The Earth First! Reader: Ten Years of Radical Environmentalism, Gibbs Smith, 1991. ISBN 0879053879

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c d Manes, Christopher, 1990. Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization, Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
  2. ^ a b A Brief Description of Radical Environmentalism, Jeff Luers, 4 Struggle Magazine, 26th September 2005.
  3. ^ SUV Armageddon Approaching?, Car Keys, 29th August 2003.
  4. ^ "The man, the activist", first published in Arkangel.
  5. ^ Eco-Terror Incictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11, FBI, 20th January 2006.
  6. ^ Weyler, Rex. Greenpeace: How a Group of Journalists, Ecologists and Visionaries Changed the World. Rodale, 2004)
  7. ^ Writings from Jeff Luers, Free Jeff Luers.
  8. ^ Original ELF
  9. ^ Earth First's first treesitting civil disobedience action, Earth First! 1985, Oregon, June 1985.
  10. ^ Tree Spiking Memo, Earth First!, April 1990.
  11. ^ Wall, Derek (1999). Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement: Radical Environmentalism and Comparative Social Movements. Routledge.
  12. ^ ELF Burns Down Vail, FIRE, December 1999.
  13. ^ Earth Liberation Front is now FBI's No. 1 Domestic Terrorist Threat, Property Rights of America Foundation Inc, March 2001.
  14. ^ ELF News, Earth Liberation Front
  15. ^ waste & abuse - controversy over a temporary dirt road built by Vail Resortsand its effect on wetlands, BNet, September 27th 1999.
  16. ^ Eco-Terror Indictments: "Operation Backfire" Nets 11, FBI, January 20th 2006.
  17. ^ Resentencing date set for Jeff Luers, Freedom4um, 29th December 2007.
  18. ^ a b Bron Taylor, 1998. Religion, Violence and Radical Environmentalism: From Earth First! to the Unabomber to the Earth Liberation Front, Terrorism and Political Violence 10(4):1-42 Cite error: The named reference "rel" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ [The eco-terrorist anthrax connection, ESR, October 21st 2001.
  20. ^ Best, Steven and Best & Nocella. Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books, 2006, p. 47.
  21. ^ FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism, CNN, May 19th 2005.
  22. ^ "The Battle of Drax: 38 held as protest fails to close plant". The Independent. 2006-09-01. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ "In the shadow of Drax, not so much a fight as a festival". The Guardian. 2006-09-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ The Church of Liberalism, Book Monitor, 2006.
  25. ^ Crichton, Michael (September 15, 2003). "Environmentalism as Religion". Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise. Retrieved 2007-10-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Taylor, Bron, 2005. Radical Environmentalism, The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, pp 1326-1335. ISBN 1-84371-138-9
  27. ^ Radical environmentalism, Times Daily.

External links

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