Reichsadler

Left: Emperor Henry VI (Hadlaub, Codex Manesse, about 1300), original single-headed eagle. Right: Emperor Maximilian with the Imperial Banner (Albrecht Altdorfer, ca. 1515), double-headed eagle with haloes.

The Reichsadler ("Imperial Eagle") is the heraldic eagle, derived from the Roman eagle standard, used by the Holy Roman Emperors and in modern coats of arms of Germany, including those of the Second German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (Nazi Germany, 1933–1945).

The same design has remained in use by the Federal Republic of Germany since 1945, albeit under the name Bundesadler ("Federal Eagle").

History

Holy Roman Empire

The Reichsadler can be traced back to the banner of the Holy Roman Empire, when the eagle was the insignia of Imperial power as distinguished from the Imperial states. It was meant to embody the reference to the Roman tradition (translatio imperii), similar to the double-headed eagle used by the Palaiologi emperors of the Byzantine Empire or the tsars of Russia (see coat of arms of Russia).

The Ottonian and Salian emperors had themselves depicted with the Roman "eagle sceptre", and Frederick II depicted the imperial eagle on his coins. Before the mid-13th century, however, the eagle was an imperial symbol in its own right, not yet used as a heraldic charge depicted as part of a coat of arms.

An early depiction of a double-headed eagle in a heraldic shield, attributed to Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, is found in the Chronica Majora by Matthew Paris (ca. 1250). The Segar's Roll (ca. 1280) likewise shows the double-headed eagle as the coat of arms of the King of Germany.

The eagle also appears in the seals of imperial cities: that of Kaiserswerth in the 13th century, besides Lübeck (14th century), Besançon, Cheb, and others.

Use of the imperial eagle as part of the imperial coat of arms of a ruling emperor dates to after the end of the interregnum. Sigismund of Luxembourg used a black double-headed eagle after he was crowned Emperor in 1433. From this time, the single-headed Reichsadler represented the title of King of the Romans, and the double-headed one the title of Emperor. Over the following century, Albert II of Germany was the last King-elect of Germany who did not go on to be crowned emperor. After the German Reformation, beginning with Ferdinand I (1558), emperors were no longer crowned by the pope.

The Teutonic Order under Hermann von Salza had the privilege to display the Imperial eagle in their coat of arms, granted by Emperor Frederick II. The black eagle was later adopted when the Teutonic State was transformed into the Duchy of Prussia in 1525, and a modified version was used in the arms of Royal Prussia (1466–1772).

Modern use

In 1804, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II established the Austrian Empire from the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, and adopted the double-headed eagle, aggrandized by an inescutcheon emblem of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and the Order of the Golden Fleece, as its coat of arms; the Holy Roman Empire was subsequently dissolved in 1806. Since 1919 the coat of arms of Austria has depicted a single-headed eagle. Although not a national symbol in the modern sense, the Reichsadler evoked sentiments of loyalty to the empire.

Following the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, the Reichsadler was restored as a symbol of national unity: it became the coat of arms of the short-lived German Empire and subsequently the German Confederation from its restoration in 1850 until its dissolution in 1866. It was once again restored in 1871 when a single-headed eagle with a Prussian inescutcheon became the insignia of the German Empire; the single head was used to represent the so-called Kleindeutschland, i.e. it excluded Austria. After World War I the Weimar Republic under President Friedrich Ebert assumed a plain version of the Reichsadler, which remained in use until 1935.

During Nazi rule, a stylised eagle combined with the Nazi Hakenkreuz was made the national emblem (Hoheitszeichen) by order of Adolf Hitler in 1935. Despite its medieval origin, the term "Reichsadler" in common English understanding is mostly associated with this specific Nazi era version. The Nazi Party had used a very similar symbol for itself, called the Parteiadler ("Party's eagle"). These two insignia can be distinguished as the Reichsadler looks to its right shoulder whereas the Parteiadler looks to its left shoulder.

After World War II the Federal Republic of Germany re-implemented the eagle used by the Weimar Republic by enactment of President Theodor Heuss in 1950.

Gallery

Holy Roman Empire

• 
  Seal of Conrad II (1029), with a depiction of the eagle-sceptre.
• 
  Imperial eagle on a coin of Frederick II (r. 1197–1250)
• 
  Arms of Otto IV as shown in Chronica Maiora (ca. 1250), early depiction of a double-headed Reichsadler
• 
  Imperial coat of arms attributed to Henry VI (r. 1191–1197) from Codex Manesse (c. 1304).
• 
  Tomb of Henry VII (d. 1313), with the emperor's coats of arms and the imperial eagle (Codex Balduini Trevirorum, c. 1340).
• 
  Imperial eagle in a seal used by Charles IV in 1349.
• 
  Double-headed imperial eagle in the seal used by Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1433
• 
  The Reichssturmfahne in a stained glass window in Bern Minster, ca. 1450.
• 
  Imperial coat of arms of Frederick III (r. 1452–1493) in the Wernigerode Armorial (ca. 1490)
• 
  Quaternion Eagle c. 1510, the eagle displaying the imperial quaternions on its remiges.
• 
  Imperial arms by Virgil Solis (ca. 1540)
• 
  Depiction of the Reichssturmfahne in a 1545 woodcut
• 
  Imperial arms at the Koïfhus in Colmar (16th century)
• 
  The imperial eagle depicted with one, two and three heads (after Conrad Grünenberg 1483, copy of 1602/4)
• 
  Imperial arms of Mathias (r. 1612–1619) by Hans Ulrich Fisch (1627)

Modern history

• 
  Coat of arms of the short-lived German Empire 1848/49; the German Confederation used a similar eagle.
• 
  Coat of arms of the Austrian Empire (1804–1867); also used as the lesser arms of Austria-Hungary (1867–1915).
• 
  Reichsadler (official design 1888–1918) of the (Second) German Empire
• 
  Reichsadler (1919–1927) of the Weimar Republic
• 
  Reichsadler (1928–1935) of the Weimar Republic
• 
  Parteiadler of the Nazi Party (1933–1945)
• 
  Parteiadler of the Nazi Party (1933–1945) variant
• 
  Reichsadler (1935–1945) of Nazi Germany
• 
  Austrian coat of arms used during the austrofascist Corporate State 1934–1938
• 
  Bundesadler (1949–present) of the Federal Republic of Germany
• 
  "Bundesadler" of the Republic of Austria since 1945; the same design, without the broken chains symbolizing the end of fascism, was used 1919–1934

See also

• Armorial of the Holy Roman Empire
• Imperial Eagle beaker
• Aquila (Roman)
• Byzantine heraldry
• Coat of arms of Austria
• Coat of arms of Brandenburg
• Coat of arms of Germany
• Coat of arms of Prussia
• Coat of arms of Russia
• Double-headed eagle
• Coat of arms of Bogotá

References

• Norbert Weyss: "Der Doppeladler – Geschichte eines Symbols", Adler 3, 1986, 78ff.
• Franz Gall: "Zur Entwicklung des Doppeladlers auf den kaiserlichen Siegeln", Adler 8 (1970), 281ff.
• Vladimir Monakhov: Новые-старые цвета России, или Как возвращали орла, ГЕРАЛЬДИКА СЕГОДНЯ (2003).
• Michael Göbl, "Staatssymbole des Habsburger-Reiches - ab 1867 mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Staatswappens", in: Österreichs politische Symbole (1994), 11ff.

External links

• P. Diem, Die Entwicklung des österreichischen Doppeladlers (in German)