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Richard de la Pole

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Richard de la Pole
Arms of De la Pole: Azure, a fess between three leopard's faces or
Born1480
England
Died24 February 1525
Pavia, Duchy of Milan
Known forBeing last member of the House of York to actively and openly seek the crown of England
ChildrenMarguerite de la Pole
Parent(s)John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk
RelativesRichard III of England

Richard de la Pole (1480 – 24 February 1525) was a pretender to the English crown. Commonly nicknamed White Rose, he was the last member of the House of York to actively and openly seek the crown of England. He lived in exile after many of his relatives were executed; here he became allied with Louis XII of France in the War of the League of Cambrai, who saw him as a more favourable ally and prospect for an English king than Henry VIII.

During 1514, the stage was set for a Yorkist reclaiming of England under Richard. He was in Brittany with 12,000 mercenaries set for the invasion, leading his army to St. Malo; however, France and England made peace just as they were about to embark and it was thus called off. Later, with Francis I as king, Richard struck up an alliance in 1523 and planned a Yorkist invasion of England once again. However, this never came to fruition, as Richard died fighting alongside Francis I at the Battle of Pavia two years later.

Family

He was the fifth son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and his wife Elizabeth of York. His mother was the second surviving daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. She was also a younger sister to Edward IV of England and Edmund, Earl of Rutland as well as an older sister to Margaret of York, George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Richard III of England. It is unlikely his ancestor was Owen de la Pole: the last claimant to the throne of Powys Wenwynwyn, a 13th-century Welsh princely state.

His paternal grandparents were William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Alice Chaucer. Suffolk was an important English soldier and commander in the Hundred Years' War, and later Lord Chamberlain of England. He also appears prominently in William Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 1 and Henry VI, Part 2.

Alice Chaucer was a daughter of Thomas Chaucer and Maud Burghersh. Thomas was the Speaker of the English House of Commons on three occasions, Chief Butler of England for almost thirty years, attended fifteen parliaments and was Speaker of the House five times, a feat not surpassed until the 18th century.

Thomas was a son of Geoffrey Chaucer and his wife Philippa (de) Roet. Geoffrey was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat (courtier) and diplomat. He is sometimes called the father of English literature. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. He is also credited by some scholars with being the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin.

Yorkist heir

His eldest brother John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (c. 1464-1487), was named heir to the throne by his maternal uncle, Richard III of England, who gave him a pension and the reversion of the estates of Lady Margaret Beaufort. However, on the accession of Henry VII following the Battle of Bosworth Field, Lincoln took the oath of allegiance instead of claiming the throne for himself.

In 1487, Lincoln joined the rebellion of Lambert Simnel, and was killed at the Battle of Stoke. The second brother, Edmund (c. 1472-1513), succeeded his father while still in his minority. His estates suffered under the attainder of his brother, and he was compelled to pay large sums to Henry VII for the recovery of part of the forfeited lands, and also to exchange his title of duke for that of earl. In 1501 he sought out Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, in Tyrol and received from him a promise of substantial assistance in case of an attempt on the English crown.

In consequence of these treasonable proceedings Henry VII seized Edmund's brother William de la Pole, with four other Yorkist noblemen. Two of them, Sir James Tyrrell and Sir John Wyndham, were executed; William de la Pole was imprisoned; and Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, was outlawed. Then in July 1502 Henry VII concluded a treaty with Maximilian by which the Emperor bound himself not to countenance English rebels. Presently Suffolk fell into the hands of Philip I of Castile, who imprisoned him at Namur and in 1506 surrendered him to Henry VII, on condition that his life was spared. He remained a prisoner until 1513, when he was beheaded by Henry VIII at the time his brother Richard took up arms with the French king.

Richard de la Pole joined Edmund abroad in 1504, and remained at Aix-la-Chapelle as surety for his elder brother's debts. The creditors threatened to surrender him to Henry VII but, more fortunate than his brother, he found a safe refuge at Buda with King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.

He was excluded from the general pardon proclaimed at the accession of Henry VIII, and when Louis XII of France went to war with the Kingdom of England in 1512, he recognized Edmund's pretensions to the English crown and gave Richard a command in the French army. In 1513, after the execution of Edmund, he assumed the title of Earl of Suffolk. In 1514 he was given 12,000 German mercenaries, ostensibly for the defence of Brittany, but really for an invasion of England. These he led to St. Malo, but the conclusion of peace with England prevented their embarcation. Richard was required to leave France, and he established himself at Metz, in Lorraine, and built a palace at La Haute Pierre, near St. Simphorien.

While at Metz, he was visited by Pierre Alamire, the German-Netherlandish composer and music copyist, who was a spy for Henry VIII. However, Richard employed Alamire as a counter-spy against Henry, and Alamire, on being suspected of unreliability by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Henry VIII, never returned to England.

Richard de la Pole had numerous interviews with King Francis I of France, and in 1523 he was permitted, in concert with John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, the Scottish regent, to arrange an invasion of England, which was never carried out.

He was with Francis I at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525, where he was killed.[1] In a picture of the battle, preserved at the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, his lifeless body is represented in the thick of the combat with the inscription Le Duc de Susfoc dit Blance Rose (The Duke of Suffolk, known as White Rose).

Charles III, Duke of Bourbon his enemy had him magnificently buried in the church of Augustinians in Pavia.

Children

Richard de la Pole was never known to have married, but he is known to have had a daughter by a mistress.[2] It has been suggested that she may have been Marie of Sicily.[3]

Marguerite and her husband had three sons and five daughters:[3]

  • Jean, Seigneur of Brenieu in Vivarais.[3]
  • Pierre, became a priest and Canon of Saint Denis.[3]
  • Claude, who also became a priest and Canon of Évry.[3]
  • Catherine, wife of Gilbert de Colomb.[3]
  • Eleanore, wife of Jean de Secondat de Montesquieu, seigneur of Roques.[3]
  • Marguerite, wife of Claude d'Orgeoise, seigneur of Montferrier.[3]
  • Louise, wife of Jean de Montchenu.[3]
  • Sebastienne, wife of Andre Berenger du Gua.[3]

Marguerite de la Pole's will was dated 1599.[3]

Ancestors

Family of Richard de la Pole
16. Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk
8. Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk
17. Catherine Wingfield
4. William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk
18. Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford
9. Katherine de Stafford
19. Philippa de Beauchamp
2. John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk
20. Geoffrey Chaucer
10. Thomas Chaucer
21. Philippa Roet (sister of 31.)
5. Alice Chaucer
22. Sir John Burghersh
11. Matilda Burghersh
23.
1. Richard de la Pole
24. Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (brother of 30.)
12. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
25. Isabella of Castile
6. Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
26. Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
13. Anne de Mortimer
27. Alianore Holland
3. Elizabeth of York
28. John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby
14. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
29. Maud Percy
7. Cecily Neville
30. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (brother of 24.)
15. Joan Beaufort
31. Katherine Swynford (sister of 21.)

Further reading

  • Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III. and Henry VII., edited by J. Gairdner (2 vols., Rolls Series, 24, 1861)
  • Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.; and Sir William Dugdale, The Baronage of England (London, 1675)

References

  1. ^ R.J.Knecht, Francis I, (Cambridge University Press, 1982), 169-170.
  2. ^ perhaps the wife of a goldsmith during his stay in Metz see F. des Robert:Un pensionnaire des Rois de France à Metz , published at Nancy in 1878
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Richardson, Douglas (2011). Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition. Royal ancestry series. Kimball G. Everingham (ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Pub. Co. p. 293. ISBN 978-1461045137.

Sources

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