View source for Safety

{{Short description|State of being secure from harm, injury, danger, or other non-desirable outcomes}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=July 2010|talk=y}}
[[File:Snake warning sign.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Warning sign]]s, such as this one, can improve safety [[awareness]].]]
'''Safety''' is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from [[harm]] or other danger. Safety can also refer to [[risk management|the control of recognized hazards]] in order to achieve an acceptable level of [[risk]].

==Meanings==
[[File:After Whiskey Driving Risky.jpg|thumb|200px|"After whiskey driving risky" safety road sign in [[Ladakh]], India]]
[[File:Paris Metro St Lazare.jpg|thumb|[[Platform screen doors]] are primarily used for passenger safety to prevent users from falling down on the tracks.]]

The word 'safety' entered the [[English language]] in the 14th century.<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/safety Safety Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster]</ref> It is derived from Latin {{Lang|la|salvus}}, meaning uninjured, in good [[health]], safe.<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/safety safety | Etymology of safety by etymonline]</ref>

There are two slightly different meanings of "safety". For example, "[[home safety]]" may indicate a building's ability to protect against external harm events (such as [[weather]], [[home invasion]], etc.), or may indicate that its internal installations (such as [[Home appliance|appliances]], [[stairs]], etc.) are safe (not dangerous or harmful) for its inhabitants.

Discussions of safety often include mention of related terms. [[Security]] is such a term. With time the definitions between these two have often become interchanged, equated, and frequently appear juxtaposed in the same sentence. Readers are left to conclude whether they comprise a redundancy. This confuses the uniqueness that should be reserved for each by itself. When seen as unique, as we intend here, each term will assume its rightful place in influencing and being influenced by the other.

''Safety'' is the condition of a "steady state" of an organization or place doing what it is supposed to do. "What it is supposed to do" is defined in terms of public [[Code|codes]] and standards, associated [[Architecture|architectural]] and [[engineering]] [[Design|designs]], corporate vision and mission statements, and operational plans and personnel policies. For any organization, place, or function, large or small, safety is a normative concept. It complies with situation-specific definitions of what is expected and acceptable.<ref name=Aia2009 />

Using this definition, protection from a home's external threats and protection from its internal structural and equipment failures (see Meanings, above) are not two types of safety but rather two aspects of a home's steady state.

In the world of everyday affairs, not all goes as planned. Some entity's steady state is challenged. This is where [[security science]], which is of more recent date, enters. Drawing from the definition of safety, then:

''Security'' is the process or means, physical or human, of delaying, preventing, and otherwise protecting against external or internal, defects, dangers, loss, criminals, and other individuals or actions that threaten, hinder or destroy an organization’s "steady state," and deprive it of its intended purpose for being.

Using this generic definition of safety it is possible to specify the elements of a security program.<ref name=Aia2009>''Charles G. Oakes'', PhD, Blue Ember Technologies, LLC.''"[http://www.aia.org/practicing/groups/kc/AIAB079791 Safety versus Security in Fire Protection Planning] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313214241/http://www.aia.org/practicing/groups/kc/AIAB079791 |date=2012-03-13 }},"''[[The American Institute of Architects]]: Knowledge Communities, May 2009.  Retrieved on June 22, 2011.</ref>

==Limitations==
Safety can be limited in relation to some [[guarantee]] or a standard of [[insurance]] to the quality and unharmful function of an object or organization. It is used in order to ensure that the object or organization will do only what it is meant to do.

It is important to realize that safety is relative. Eliminating all [[risk]], if even possible, would be extremely difficult and very expensive. A safe situation is one where risks of injury or property damage are low and manageable.

When something is called safe, this usually means that it is safe within certain reasonable limits and parameters.  For example, a medication may be safe, for most people, under most circumstances, if taken in a certain amount.

A choice motivated by safety may have other, unsafe consequences.  For example, [[Frailty syndrome|frail]] elderly people are sometimes moved out of their homes and into hospitals or skilled nursing homes with the claim that this will improve the person's safety.  The safety provided is that daily medications will be supervised, the person will not need to engage in some potentially risky activities such as climbing stairs or cooking, and if the person falls down, someone there will be able to help the person get back up.  However, the end result might be decidedly unsafe, including the dangers of [[transfer trauma]], [[hospital delirium]], [[elder abuse]], [[hospital-acquired infection]]s, depression, anxiety, and even a desire to die.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://harpers.org/archive/2019/02/going-to-extremes-elderly-assisted-suicide-caregivers/|title=Going to Extremes|last=Neumann|first=Ann|date=February 2019|magazine=Harper's Magazine|access-date=2019-01-22|issn=0017-789X}}</ref>

==Types==
There is a distinction between products that meet standards, that are safe, and that merely feel safe. The highway safety community uses these terms:{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Normative===

Normative safety is achieved when a product or design meets applicable standards and practices for design and construction or manufacture, regardless of the product's actual safety history.

===Substantive===
Substantive or objective safety occurs when the real-world safety history is favorable, whether or not standards are met.

===Perceived===
Perceived or subjective safety refers to the users' level of comfort and perception of risk, without consideration of standards or safety history. For example, [[traffic light|traffic signals]] are perceived as safe, yet under some circumstances, they can increase [[car accident|traffic crashes]] at an intersection. Traffic [[roundabout]]s have a generally favorable safety record<ref>{{cite web |title=Proven Safety Countermeasures: Roundabouts |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |url=https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safety-countermeasures/roundabouts |access-date=2012-08-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731004830/http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/provencountermeasures/fhwa_sa_12_005.htm |archive-date=2012-07-31 }}</ref> yet often make drivers nervous.

Low perceived safety can have costs. For example, after the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]] in 2001, many people chose to drive rather than fly, despite the fact that, even counting terrorist attacks, flying is safer than driving. Perceived risk discourages people from  walking and bicycling for transportation, enjoyment or exercise, even though the health benefits outweigh the risk of injury.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks? |author1=Jeroen Johan de Hartog |author2=Hanna Boogaard |author3=Hans Nijland |author4=Gerard Hoek |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=1 August 2010 |doi=10.1289/ehp.0901747 |volume=118 |issue=8 |pages=1109–1116 |pmid=20587380 |pmc=2920084 }}</ref>

Perceived safety can drive regulation which increases costs and inconvenience without improving actual safety.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stotz |first1=Tamara |last2=Bearth |first2=Angela |last3=Ghelfi |first3=Signe Maria |last4=Siegrist |first4=Michael |title=The perceived costs and benefits that drive the acceptability of risk-based security screenings at airports |journal=Journal of Air Transport Management |date=May 2022 |volume=100 |pages=102183 |doi=10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102183 |hdl=20.500.11850/531027 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Buchan et al 2022" >{{cite journal |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e524–e534 |date=June 2022 |title=Addressing the environmental sustainability of eye health-care delivery: a scoping review |first1=John C. |last1=Buchan |first2=Cassandra L. |last2=Thiel |first3=Annalien |last3=Steyn |first4=John |last4=Somner |first5=Rengaraj |last5=Venkatesh |first6=Matthew J. |last6=Burton |first7=Jacqeline |last7=Ramke |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00074-2 |doi-access=free |pmid=35709809 }}</ref>

===Security===
Also called social safety or public safety, security addresses the risk of harm due to intentional criminal acts such as assault, burglary or vandalism.

Because of the moral issues involved, security is of higher importance to many people than substantive safety. For example, a death due to murder is considered worse than a death in a car crash, even though in many countries, traffic deaths are more common than homicides.

===Operational safety===

Operational safety is the absence of unacceptable risk in the presence of the associated hazards that are known, expected, or reasonably assumed to exist during a planned activity and any likely contingencies associated with it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/operational-safety |title=Operational safety definition |website=www.lawinsider.com |access-date=16 August 2024 }}</ref>

{{expand section|Define operational safety|date=August 2024}}

== Risks and responses ==
Safety is generally interpreted as implying a real and significant impact on risk of death, injury or damage to property.  In response to perceived risks many interventions may be proposed with engineering responses and regulation being two of the most common.

Probably the most common individual response to perceived safety issues is insurance, which compensates for or provides restitution in the case of damage or loss.

== System safety and reliability engineering ==
[[System safety]] and [[reliability engineering]] is an engineering discipline. Continuous changes in technology, environmental regulation and public safety concerns make the analysis of complex [[safety-critical]] systems more and more demanding.

A common fallacy, for example among electrical engineers regarding structure power systems, is that safety issues can be readily deduced. In fact, safety issues have been discovered one by one, over more than a century in the case mentioned, in the work of many thousands of practitioners, and cannot be deduced by a single individual over a few decades. A knowledge of the literature, the standards and custom in a field is a critical part of safety engineering. A combination of theory and track record of practices is involved, and track record indicates some of the areas of theory that are relevant. (In the US, persons with a state license in Professional Engineering in Electrical Engineering are expected to be competent in this regard, the foregoing notwithstanding, but most electrical engineers have no need of the license for their work.)

Safety is often seen as one of a group of related disciplines: quality, reliability, availability, maintainability and safety. (Availability is sometimes not mentioned, on the principle that it is a simple function of reliability and maintainability.) These issues tend to determine the value of any work, and deficits in any of these areas are considered to result in a cost, beyond the cost of addressing the area in the first place; good management is then expected to minimize total cost.

== Measures ==
''Safety measures'' are activities and precautions taken to improve safety, i.e. reduce risk related to human health. Common safety measures include:
* [[Chemical analysis]]
* [[Destructive testing]] of samples
* [[Drug test]]ing of employees, etc.
* Examination of activities by specialists to minimize physical stress or increase productivity
* Geological surveys to determine whether land or water sources are polluted, how firm the ground is at a potential building site, etc.
* [[Government regulation]] so suppliers know what standards their product is expected to meet.
* [[regulation|Industry regulation]] so suppliers know what level of quality is expected. Industry regulation is often imposed to avoid potential government regulation.
* [[Instruction manual]]s explaining how to use a product or perform an activity
* Instructional videos demonstrating proper use of products
* [[Root cause analysis]] to identify causes of a system failure and correct deficiencies.
* [[Internet safety]] or online safety, is protection of the [[user (computing)|user]]'s safety from cyber threats or [[computer crime]] in general.
* Periodic evaluations of employees, departments, etc.
* [[Physical examination]]s to determine whether a person has a physical condition that would create a problem.
* [[Process safety management]] is an analytical tool focused on preventing and managing releases of hazardous materials in industrial plants.
* Safety margins/safety factors, for instance, a product rated to never be required to handle more than 100 kg might be designed to fail under at least 200 kg, a safety factor of two. Higher numbers are used in more sensitive applications such as medical or transit safety.
* Self-imposed regulation of various types.
* Implementation of standard protocols and procedures so that activities are conducted in a known way.
* Statements of ethics by industry organizations or an individual company so its employees know what is expected of them.
* [[Stress testing]] subjects a person or product to stresses in excess of those the person or product is designed to handle, to determining the "breaking point".
* [[Training]] of employees, vendors, product users
* Visual examination for dangerous situations such as emergency exits blocked because they are being used as storage areas.
* Visual examination for flaws such as cracks, peeling, loose connections.
* X-ray analysis to see inside a sealed object such as a weld, a cement wall or an airplane outer skin.

==Research==
Today there are multiple scientific journals focusing on safety research. Among the most popular ones are [[Safety Science]] and Journal of Safety Research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scopus preview - Scopus - Safety Science |url=https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/12332 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.scopus.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scopus preview - Scopus - Journal of Safety Research |url=https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/29284 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.scopus.com}}</ref> 

The goal of this research is to identify, understand, and mitigate risks to human health and well-being in various environments. This involves systematically studying hazards, analyzing potential and actual accidents, and developing effective strategies to prevent injuries and fatalities. Safety research aims to create safer products, systems, and practices by incorporating scientific, engineering, and behavioral insights. Ultimately, it seeks to enhance public safety, reduce economic losses, and improve overall quality of life by ensuring that both individuals and communities are better protected from harm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aims and scope - Safety Science {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/safety-science/about/aims-and-scope |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>

== Standards organizations ==
A number of [[standards organization]]s exist that promulgate safety standards. These may be voluntary organizations or government agencies. These agencies first define the safety standards, which they publish in the form of codes. They are also Accreditation Bodies and entitle independent [[party (law)|third parties]] such as testing and certification agencies to inspect and ensure compliance to the standards they defined. For instance, the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) formulated a certain number of safety standards in its [[Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code]] (BPVC) and accredited TÜV Rheinland to provide certification services to guarantee product compliance to the defined safety regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuv.com/en/corporate/business_customers/plants_machinery_1/pressure_equipment_2/asme_1/asme.html|title=Pressure Vessel Inspection According to ASME|first=TÜV|last=Rheinland|website=tuv.com|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114072952/http://www.tuv.com/en/corporate/business_customers/plants_machinery_1/pressure_equipment_2/asme_1/asme.html|archive-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

=== United States===

====American National Standards Institute ====
A major American [[standards organization]] is the [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI). Usually, members of a particular industry will voluntarily form a committee to study safety issues and propose standards. Those standards are then recommended to ANSI, which reviews and adopts them. Many government regulations require that products sold or used must comply with a particular ANSI standard.

==== Government agencies ====
Many government agencies set safety standards for matters under their jurisdiction, such as:
* the [[Food and Drug Administration]]
* the [[United States Consumer Product Safety Commission|Consumer Product Safety Commission]]
* the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]

==== Testing laboratories ====
Product safety testing, for the United States, is largely controlled by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. In addition, workplace related products come under the jurisdiction of the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA), which certifies independent testing companies as Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTL), see.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/otpca/nrtl|title=Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTLs) - Occupational Safety and Health Administration|website=www.osha.gov|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408103253/https://www.osha.gov/dts/otpca/nrtl/|archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

=== European Union ===

====Institutions====
* the [[European Commission|European Commission (EC)]]
* the [[European Committee for Standardization|European Committee for Standardization (CEN)]]
* the [[European Food Safety Authority|European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)]]
* the European Safety Federation (ESF)

====Testing laboratories====
The European Commission provides the legal framework, but the different Member States may authorize test laboratories to carry out safety testing.

=== Other countries ===

====Standards institutions====
* [[British Standards Institution]]
* [[Canadian Standards Association]]
* [[Deutsches Institut für Normung]]
* [[International Organization for Standardization]]
* [[Standards Australia]]

====Testing laboratories====
Many countries have national organizations that have accreditation to test and/or submit test reports for safety certification. These are typically referred to as a Notified or Competent Body.

[[File:Safety tea cup.jpg|thumb|A mug reminds the drinker to be careful.]]

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Accident}}
* {{annotated link|Behavior-based safety}}
* {{annotated link|Risk management}}
** {{annotated link|Safety statement}}
* {{annotated link|Certified safety professional}}
* {{annotated link|American Society of Safety Professionals}}
* {{annotated link|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} CDC
* {{annotated link|Poison control center}}
* {{annotated link|Safety in Australia}}
* {{annotated link|Natural disaster}}
** {{annotated link|Seismic analysis}}
* {{annotated link|Crowd control}}
** {{annotated link|Aisle#Safety and regulatory considerations|Aisles: Safety and regulatory considerations}}
* {{annotated link|Product recall|Consumer product safety}}
* {{annotated link|Door#Door-related accidents|Door-related accidents}}
* {{annotated link|Explosives safety}}
* {{annotated link|Gun safety}}
* Child safety
** {{annotated link|Child safety seat}}
** {{annotated link|Toy safety}}
** {{annotated link|Safe Kids Worldwide}}
* {{annotated link|Patient safety}}
* {{annotated link|Sports injury}} safety
* Electrical safety
** {{annotated link|Electrical safety testing}}
** {{annotated link|Arc flash}}
* {{annotated link|Fire safety}}
*{{annotated link|Process safety}}
* {{annotated link|Nuclear safety and security}}
** {{annotated link|Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents}}
** {{annotated link|Criticality accident}}
* Transportation
** Road
*** {{annotated link|Automotive safety}}
*** {{annotated link|Road traffic safety}}
*** {{annotated link|Motorcycle safety}}
*** {{annotated link|Bicycle safety}}
*** {{annotated link|Traffic collision}}
*** {{annotated link|Pedestrian safety}}
** Rail
*** {{annotated link|Lists of rail accidents}}
** Maritime
*** {{annotated link|Maritime safety}}
*** {{annotated link|Sailing ship accidents}}
** Aircraft
*** {{annotated link|Aviation safety}}
*** {{annotated link|Aviation accidents and incidents}}
* {{annotated link|Occupational safety and health}}
** {{annotated link|Work accident}}
** {{annotated link|Personal protective equipment}}
** {{annotated link|Safety data sheet}}
* {{annotated link|Security}}
** {{annotated link|Security company}}
* {{annotated link|Safety engineering}}
** {{annotated link|Fail-safe}}
** {{annotated link|Poka-yoke}}
** {{annotated link|Software system safety}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Wikivoyage|Stay safe|Stay safe|travel information}}
{{Commons category|Safety}}
{{Wikiquote|Safety}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Wildavsky|first1=Aaron |author-link1=Aaron Wildavsky|last2=Wildavsky|first2=Adam|editor=David R. Henderson|editor-link=David R. Henderson|encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Risk and Safety |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RiskandSafety.html  |year=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |location=Indianapolis |isbn=978-0865976658 |oclc=237794267}}

{{Refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Safety| ]]