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Seoul City Sue

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Anna Wallis Suh
Suh in Korea, circa 1930.
Born
Anna Wallis

Lawrence County, Arkansas, U.S.
Died1969 (aged 68–69)
NationalityAmerican
Japanese (1938-1945)
South Korean (1948-1969)
North Korean (1950-1969)
Other namesSeoul City Sue
Anna Wallace Suhr
EducationSoutheastern State Teachers College
Scarritt College for Christian Workers
OccupationEducator
Employer(s)Methodist Missionary Organization
Shanghai American School
U.S. Legation Seoul
Korean Central News Agency
Known forAnnouncing propaganda on North Korean radio during the Korean War
SpouseSŏ Kyu Ch’ŏl (서규철 徐奎哲)
Parent(s)Albert B. and M. J. Wallis

Anna Wallis Suh (1900 – 1969), the woman generally associated[1] with the nickname Seoul City Sue, was a Methodist missionary, educator, and North Korean propaganda radio announcer to United States forces during the Korean War.

Anna was born in Arkansas, the sixth of six children. After her mother and father died in 1910 and 1914, she relocated to Oklahoma to join a sister's family while she completed high school. She spent her early adult years as an office clerk and Sunday school teacher. Subsequently, she studied at the Southeastern State Teachers College, in Durant, and the Scarritt College for Christian Workers in Nashville, Tennessee, graduating in 1930 with a B.A. in ministry. She spent the next eight years working as a member of the American Southern Methodist Episcopal Mission in Korea. As Japanese colonial authorities continued to restrict the activities of foreign missions, Anna joined the staff of Shanghai American School (SAS) in 1938. There she met and married fellow staff member Sŏ Kyu Ch’ŏl (서규철 徐奎哲, also spelled Suh Kyoon Chul), thus losing her United States citizenship.[2] Late in World War II she was interned by the Japanese for two years with other White Europeans at a camp in suburban Shanghai. After release, she resumed work at SAS for a year, before returning to Korea with her husband in 1946.

The Suhs settled in Seoul, where Anna taught at the U.S. Legation school until being fired in 1949 due to suspicion of her husband for left wing political activities. They remained or were trapped in Seoul during the Northern army's invasion of South Korea in June 1950. Anna began announcing a short English language program for North Korean "Radio Seoul" starting on or about July 18, continuing until shortly after the Inchon landing on September 15, when the Suhs were evacuated north as a part of the general withdrawal of North Korean forces. Subsequently, she continued broadcasts on Radio Pyongyang. The Suhs participated in the political indoctrination of US POWs at a camp near Pyongyang in February, 1951.

Charles Robert Jenkins reported that, some time after the war, Anna Suh was put in charge of English language publications for the Korean Central News Agency. He also wrote that he saw her in a photo for a 1962 propaganda pamphlet, and met her briefly in 1965 at a department store in Pyongyang. Jenkins stated that he was told in 1972 that Suh had been shot as a South Korean double agent in 1969.

Early life

Scarritt College

She was born Anna Wallis to Albert B. and M. Jane Wallis in 1900 in Lawrence County, Arkansas. She was the youngest of six children.[3]

Anna's parents died when she was young; her mother died some time between the 1900 and 1910 Census,[4][5] and her father in October, 1914.[6] Subsequently, she relocated to Oklahoma with a sister.[7] Anna attended the Southeastern State Teachers College, in Durant, Oklahoma, before transferring to the Scarritt College for Christian Workers, an institution dedicated to the training of Methodist missionaries, in Nashville, Tennessee. Ann graduated with a B.A. in 1930.[8]

Korean mission and China

That same year, she was selected for a mission to Korea by the Southern Methodist Conference.[9] There, she initially taught at a Methodist school.[10] By the early 1930s, the Japanese colonial administration had largely banned foreigners from Christian proselytizing, and most Christian missions focused on education, medicine, and care for the indigent.[11] She may have returned to the US in 1935 to visit a sister.[12] In late 1936, she was appointed to serve at the Seoul Social Evangelistic Center, and in February 1937, visited Scarritt College during a missionary furlough.[13]

In a move that may have reflected increasingly harsh Japanese measures against foreign missionaries in the late 30s,[11][14] Anna relocated to China to join the staff of the Shanghai American School (SAS) in 1938. There she met Sŏ Kyu Ch’ŏl, who was hired to teach Korean and assist in school administration. She was dropped from the rolls of the missionary service and lost her United States citizenship after they married. She developed an interest in Korean politics, eventually taking up her husband's leftist views.[15][16][17] The cosmopolitan Shanghai International Settlement and French Concession were likely a more accepting environment for the Suhs than homogeneous 1940s Korea would later prove to be, as suggested by the number of other Caucasian women on staff married to Asian men.[18][19] In 1939, she visited San Francisco in an unsuccessful attempt to secure a US passport for her husband.[20]

Sino-Japanese War

Americans in Shanghai began to depart that same year, slowly as tensions rose in the environs of the city, then en masse shortly before the US and Japan officially went to war. SAS remained open until February 1943,[21] when the remaining foreign staff were forced into the Chapei Civilian Relocation Center, a short distance away in the northern suburbs.[18] This internment camp, one of several in and around Shanghai, occupied a three story dormitory on the grounds of Great China University (now East China Normal University), most of which was damaged or destroyed during the 1937 Battle of Shanghai.[22]

Whether as a part of the remaining school staff or on her own, Anna also entered the Chapei center at this time, while her husband may have remained free as a colonial subject of Japan. During the internment, the SAS staff and parents took advantage of the school's books that had followed them to organize classes for the children. Supplies with which to maintain the internees grew short towards the end of the war, and a number of women married to citizens of Axis powers or neutral countries were released in late 1944. It is possible that Anna was among these.[23]

With Anna's formal release from detention at the end of World War II,[24] she joined the staff of the reconstituted SAS for the 1945-46 school year.[18]

Korean War

Unable to continue earning a sufficient living in post-war Shanghai,[20] she and her husband returned to liberated Korea, where she tutored children at the US Diplomatic Mission School in Seoul. Her employment was terminated after her husband was investigated for left wing activities.[25] Shortly thereafter, North Korea invaded the South in June, 1950.

The Korean People's Army occupied Seoul three days after the start of hostilities. The speed of the advance caught the majority of residents by surprise and unprepared to evacuate, in part due to ROK radio propaganda rather at odds with the actual situation.[26][27] Anna and her husband remained as well, perhaps because he was unwilling to abandon a school for indigent boys that he administered. During a July 10 meeting in Seoul that included 48 to 60 members of the ROK National Assembly, the couple pledged their loyalty to the North Korean regime.[28][29]

Under Dr. Lee Soo, an English instructor from Seoul University, Anna began announcing for North Korean "Radio Seoul" from the Korean Broadcasting System's HLKA studios, with daily programs from 9:30 to 10:15 pm local time,[30] first heard as early as July 18. The Suhs had been relocated to a temporary home near the station.[15] Suh's defenders gave the dull tone of her broadcasts as proof that she was being forced to make them.[31]

Her initial scripts suggested that American soldiers return to their corner ice cream stands, criticized the USAF bombing campaign, and reported names recovered from the dog tags of dead American soldiers to a background of soft music.[32][33] The G.I.s gave her various nicknames, including Rice Ball or Rice Bowl Maggie, Rice Ball Kate, and Seoul City Sue.[34][35] The latter name stuck, likely derived from "Sioux City Sue",[36] the title of a song initially made popular by Zeke Manners[37][38][39] from 1946. Through the rest of the summer of 1950, her reports would announce the names of recently captured US airmen, marines, and soldiers,[40][41][42] threaten new units arriving in country,[43] welcome warships by name as they arrived on station,[44] or taunt African American soldiers regarding their limited civil rights at home.[45] Her monotone on-air delivery and the lack of popular music programming evidently left Ann's broadcasts less enjoyable for her intended audience than German and Japanese English-language radio shows during World War II.[46]

Radio Seoul went off the air at the start of a "Sue" program during an August 13 air strike on communications and transportation facilities in the city, as a B-26 bomber dropped 200 lbs fragmentation bombs adjacent to the transmitter. The station came back on the air a week or two later.[47] The Suhs were evacuated north by truck after the Inchon landings, a few days before US forces entered the city.[48][49][50] Mr. & Mrs. Suh joined the staff of Radio Pyongyang, where she continued English-language broadcasts to UN forces. They were temporarily reassigned to indoctrinate UN POWs at Camp 12 near Pyongyang in Feb, '51, after which the POWs were directed to continue indoctrinating each other, with Korean supervision.[51]

Later life

Fellow defector Charles Robert Jenkins made several claims about Suh in his book The Reluctant Communist that have not been independently verified. He reported that, some time after the war, she was put in charge of English language publications for the Korean Central News Agency. He wrote that he saw her in a photo for a 1962 propaganda pamphlet called "I Am A Lucky Boy", dining with Larry Allen Abshier, a US Army deserter and defector. Jenkins reported meeting her briefly in 1965 at the "foreigners only" section of the No. 2 Department Store in Pyongyang. Jenkins also stated that he was told in 1972 that Suh had been shot as a South Korean double agent in 1969.[52]

Nationality

Based on US law through the 1930s, citizenship for a married woman was almost exclusively based on that of her husband, particularly if they lived in his native land. Therefore, Anna Wallis probably lost her US citizenship when she married Mr. Suh in China.[2] Mr. Suh, as well as all other native residents of Korea and Taiwan, were nationals of the Empire of Japan, which recognized itself as a multi-ethnic state.[53][54] Anna may not have recognized her situation until the 1939 visit to San Francisco to secure a US passport for her husband. In addition to her status as a Japanese national, the US had almost completely frozen Asian immigration with the Immigration Act of 1924, which would likely have precluded his obtaining a passport.

Arbitrary application of Japanese and US law may have dogged Anna over the following years. When the Japanese interned most ethnic Europeans within the Empire during World War II, it is not clear whether she was forced into the Chapei Relocation Center, or entered it willingly, since she was not a foreign national. Later, during the US military occupation of southern Korea, an attempt was made to restore her US citizenship, an effort which fell through for unknown reasons.[15][20] It is possible that she became a national of South Korea as the wife of Mr. Suh. The Korean nationality that became reestablished between the end of World War II and the formal independence of the ROK in 1948 didn't distinguish between spouses.[55] Although US forces sought her out after retaking Seoul in September, 1950, officials recognized that it was unlikely that Mrs. Suh could be charged with treason by the US.[15][20]

During the Korean War, USAF pilots improvised a spoof of the Zeke Manner's hit "Sioux City Sue" using the most popular nickname for Ms. Suh.[56]

In multiple episodes of the TV series M*A*S*H a North Korean announcer calling herself "Seoul City Sue" is heard on the radio (rebroadcast over the camp's PA). In "Bombed" she tells the GIs that their wives and girlfriends are being unfaithful and they would have more prosperous careers as civilians. In "38 Across" she accuses Hawkeye Pierce of war crimes for performing an experimental technique to successfully save the life of a North Korean POW.[57]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Franklin, 1996
  2. ^ a b NARA, Prolog Magazine, Summer 1998
  3. ^ US Census, 1900
  4. ^ Ibid.
  5. ^ US Census, 1910
  6. ^ Arkansas Certification of Death, #00765
  7. ^ Mt. Pleasant News, Oct 3, 1950
  8. ^ Scarritt College Commencement, 1930
  9. ^ Denton Record Chronicle, March 7, 1930
  10. ^ Psywarrior.com
  11. ^ a b Christianity In Korea
  12. ^ New York Passenger Lists, Sept. 9, 1935
  13. ^ Scarritt College Voice, Feb, 1937
  14. ^ United Methodist Church, General Board of Global Ministries
  15. ^ a b c d Portland Free Herald, Oct 4, 1950
  16. ^ Edwards
  17. ^ Lech, Raymond B., page 118
  18. ^ a b c Mills
  19. ^ Choi
  20. ^ a b c d Coshocton Tribute, August 30, 1950
  21. ^ See Shanghai International Settlement
  22. ^ Captives of Empire
  23. ^ Ibid
  24. ^ National Archives, World II Prisoners of War Data File
  25. ^ New York Times, Aug 28, 1950
  26. ^ National Security Archive at George Washington University
  27. ^ Eyewitness: Korean War Starts
  28. ^ Edwards, page 79
  29. ^ Eyewitness: 1950: War of Unification
  30. ^ Corpus Christi Times, September 12, 1950
  31. ^ Time Magazine, September 18, 1950
  32. ^ Yuma Daily Sun, 10 August 1950
  33. ^ Martin, page 76-77
  34. ^ Senate Permanent Subcommittee: Executive Sessions
  35. ^ Senate Permanent Subcommittee: Korean War Atrocities
  36. ^ Song: Sioux City Sue
  37. ^ Obituary, Zeke Manners
  38. ^ Sample: Sioux City Sue
  39. ^ New York Times, Aug 09, 1950
  40. ^ Wosser, Joseph Lloyd, Lt. (USMC)
  41. ^ From Korea to Kosovo
  42. ^ 1st MAW History
  43. ^ Stocks, Floyd P.
  44. ^ Schratz, Paul R.
  45. ^ Lipsitz, George
  46. ^ Corpus Christi Times
  47. ^ New York Times, Aug 14, 1950
  48. ^ New York Times, Oct 04, 1950
  49. ^ The Stars & Stripes, October 5, 1950
  50. ^ Chillicothe Constitution Tribute, March 8, 1952
  51. ^ Lech, page 118-121
  52. ^ Charles Robert Jenkins, page 115-116
  53. ^ John Lie, Multiethnic Japan
  54. ^ Schaeffer
  55. ^ UNHCR: Japan - Koreans
  56. ^ Fighter Pilot Songs
  57. ^ David Scott Diffrient, pg 121

References

  • Franklin, Dan (31 December 1996). "Smith-L Archives, Seoul City Sue". rootsweb.com. Retrieved 2009-04-26. I talked with the 8th Army Historian in Seoul. All he had was that Seoul City Sue was not one person, but the voice of several different women.
  • Twelfth Census of the United States, United States census, 1900; Strawberry, Lawrence, Arkansas; roll T623 64, page 10B, line 88. Retrieved on 2009-04-27.
  • Thirteenth Census of the United States, United States census, 1910; Strawberry, Lawrence, Arkansas; roll T624 55, page 9B, line 77. Retrieved on 2009-04-27.
  • "Certificate of Death, Dates 1914-1923, Wallis, Albert B, Volume 030, Certificate 00765". ancestry.com. 1914-06-30. Archived from the original on 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  • ""Seoul City Sue" Remembered As A Beautiful Girl". Mount Pleasant, Iowa, USA: Mount Pleasant News. INS. 1950-10-03. p. 1. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  • Scarritt College Commencement. Virginia D. Laskey Research Library, Scarritt-Bennett Center, Nashville, TN: Scarritt College for Christian Workers. 1930.
  • "20 Young Women to Be Consecrated at Woman's Missionary Council March 13–18". Denton, Texas: Denton Record Chronicle. INS. 1930-03-07. p. 1. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  • SGM Herbert A. Friedman (Ret.) (5 January 2006). "Communist North Korean War Leaflets". Pennsylvania: PSYOPS & PSYWAR: Psychological Operations Psychological Warfare. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  • Kim, Andrew E. (1997). "Christianity In Korea, The Shinto Shrine Controversy and Japanese Oppression". Kirkland, Washington: Korea WebWeekly. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  • "New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957". Archived from the original on 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2009-04-30. A list of United States Citizens on the S.S. Europa, sailing from Southhampton, arriving at port of New York, Sep 9th, 1935. Compare destination address against record of Ms. Wallis' sister, Mrs. Ruth N. Battles, in the Fifteenth Census of the United States.
  • Fifteenth Census of the United States, United States census, 1930; Carnegie, Caddo, Oklahoma; roll 1894, page 13B, line 90. Retrieved on 2009-04-27.
  • Scarritt College Voice. Vol. IX (1 ed.). Virginia D. Laskey Research Library, Scarritt-Bennett Center, Nashville, TN: Scarritt College for Christian Workers. 1937. Recent news from Ann Wallis ('30) tells of her new appointment at the Social Evangelistic Center at Seoul, Korea. She and Margaret Billingsly have rooms at the Center, but take their meals across the yards. The settlement is similar to our settlement houses, with its clinic, kindergarten, etc. Ann's particular task, among many others, is teaching in the night school and helping with the clubs and English classes during the day.
  • "United Methodist Church, General Board of Global Ministries Country Profiles: Korea".
  • Edwards, Paul M. (2000). To Acknowledge A War: the Korean War in American memory. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 79. ISBN 0-313-31021-1.
  • Lech, Raymond B. (2000). Broken Soldiers. University of Illinois Press. pp. 118–121. ISBN 0-252-02541-5.
  • "Seoul City Sue American-Born Ex-Missionary, Says Intelligence". Portland Sunday Telegram And Sunday Press Herald. Portland, Maine. UP. 1950-10-04. p. 1. Archived from the original (Reprint) on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Mills, Angie; Phoebe White Wentworth (1997). Fair is the Name: The Story of the Shanghai American School, 1912-1950. Los Angeles: Shanghai American School Association. ASIN B0006F9Y3S.
  • Choi, Hyaeweol (2003). "An American Concubine in Old Korea: Missionary Discourse on Gender, Race, and Modernity". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 24 (3). University of Nebraska Press: 134–161. Wagner's novel might have been inspired by an actual event in Korea -- an American woman falling in love with a Korean man. In her correspondence dated May 24, 1948, she wrote, 'I've forgotten, but of course you remember Allyeu [Wagner's brother-in-law]. I still laugh when I remember how shocked Allyeu was in Seoul at Ann Wallace and her Korean sweetheart. By the way, did you see Ann while you were in Seoul? She evidently has had a pretty tough time, but what could she expect?
  • "Oklahoman Thinks 'Seoul City Sue' Is Sister; Being Forced Into Broadcasting". Coshocton Tribune. Coshocton, Ohio. UP. 1950-08-30. p. 1. Archived from the original (Reprint) on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Leck, Greg (2005). "The Camps". The Japanese Internment of Allied Civilians in China and Hong Kong, 1941-1945. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • "World II Prisoners of War Data File, 12/7/1941 - 11/19/1946". National Archives At the NARA-AAD. Retrieved 2009-05-02. A search within this file for 'suh anna' returns a record for "Suh, Anna W, Mrs., Civilian, Status Repatriated, Chapei Civilian Assembly Center Shanghai 31-121."
  • Johnston, Richard J.H. (1950-08-28). "Missionaries Say 'Seoul City Sue' Is Ann Suhr, U.S. Wife of Korean" (Fee required). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • "Episode 5, Korea: Interview With Hong An". National Security Archive. 1998-10-25. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Young Sik, Kim (2004-07-29). "Korean War Starts". Eyewitness: A North Korean Remembers. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03. June 29 - N. Korean Army takes Seoul - It is weird. We see pictures of N Korean soldiers marching in Seoul and yet Seoul Radio is still claiming some fantastic victories!! How can this be?
  • Young Sik, Kim (2004-07-29). "Korean War 1950: War of Unification". Eyewitness: A North Korean Remembers. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03. July 10, 1950...More than 60 members of the Republic of Korea National Assembly join the N Korean cause., for bibliography, see http://www.kimsoft.com/korea/eyewit33.htm.
  • Quigg, H.D. (12 September 1950). "Seoul City Sue Talks Too Much, Not Enough Music". Corpus Chrisi Times. UP. p. 9. Archived from the original (Reprint) on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Mitchell, Charles R. (1950-09-18). "Letters, Re "Seoul City Sue"" (Reprint). Time Magazine. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • "GIs Nickname Reds' Radiocaster As "Seoul City Sue"". Yuma Daily Sun. UP. 1950-08-10. p. 1. Archived from the original (Reprint) on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Martin, Bradley K. (2004). Under The Loving Care Of The Fatherly Leader: N. Korea and the Kim Dynasty. Macmillan. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-312-32221-6.
  • 83-1: Executive Sessions of The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of The Committee on Government Operations, Volume 3. Vol. 3 (S. Prt 107-84 ed.). Washington, D.C.: USGPO. January 2003. p. 2025.
  • Korean War atrocities: hearing before the Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. 1954. p. 48.
  • Lynne Rossi Ruelan (10 November 2004). "SIOUX CITY SUE - 1945, Music by Dick Thomas & Lyrics by Ray Freedman". Tribute To Dick Thomas Goldhahn. Retrieved 2009-05-03. I drove a herd of cattle down, from old Nebraska way...
  • Martin, Douglas (2000-11-03). "Zeke Manners, 'Hillbilly' Who Ruled Radio, Dies at 89". The New York Times. NY, NY, USA: The New York Times Company. Archived from the original (Reprint) on 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
  • Ruelan, Lynne Rossi (2004-11-10). "Soundtrack: Sioux City Sue, Zeke Manners". Tribute To Dick Thomas Goldhahn. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • "Red Broadcaster Dubbed 'Seoul City Sue' by G.I.'s" (fee required). The New York Times. AP. 1950-08-09. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Wosser, Joseph Lloyd (2009-02-02). "Transcribed letters re: Seoul City Sue". Death Rattlers, Marine Fighter Squadron 323 (VMF-323). Thomas "TC" Crouson. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03. Sept 9 At sea. Today I had another CAP so it was just another three hours on the parachute. Capt Booker was on Seoul City Sue's program today so he must be OK if they are advertising the fact that he is a POW.
  • Bernard, Carl F. (1999-10-08). "Commentary; Perspective on Warfare; 'We Were a Speed Bump for the North Koreans'". Los Angeles Times. p. 9. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  • Whitten, H. Wayne. "1st MAW Det USS Valley Forge (CV-45) History". Marine Corps Aviation Reconnaissance Association (MCARA). Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Stocks, Floyd P. "Corsairs Over Korea". Retrieved 2009-05-03. Radio Seoul threatens captured Marine aviators with death., scroll down to "13 August 1950".
  • Schratz, Paul R. (2000). Submarine Commander. University Press of Kentucky. p. 304. ISBN 0-8131-0988-4. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • Lipsitz, George (1995). A Life in the Struggle: Ivory Perry and the Culture of Opposition. Temple University Press. p. 56. ISBN 1-56639-321-3. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • "Bombers Silence Seoul Radio" (fee required). The New York Times. 1950-08-14. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • "Details of the silencing of 'seoul city sue' by an american bomber crew were related in a recorded broadcast from tokyo". The Stars and Stripes, European Edition. 1950-08-22. Archived from the original (reprint) on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Johnston, Richard J.H. (1950-10-04). "Enemy 'Doctored' G.I. Broadcasts" (reprint). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Jaffe, Sam (1950-10-05). "'Seoul City Sue' Was U.S. Missionary". The Stars & Stripes. INS. p. 2. Archived from the original (reprint) on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • William Shinn (1952-03-08). "'Seoul City Sue' Said to Have Once Been Missionary". The Chillicothe Constitution Tribute. p. 1. Archived from the original (reprint) on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  • Jenkins, Charles Robert (2008). The Reluctant Communist: My Desertion, Court-Martial, and Forty-Year Imprisonment in North Korea. University of California Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 0-520-25333-7. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • "asiatrails" (2007-11-27). "Forum: Air Force Life, Fighter Pilot Songs". F-16.net. Retrieved 2009-05-02. Seoul City Sue (Tune - Sioux City Sue): I drove a herd of oxen down, till I reached old Bong Chong Way...
  • Diffrient, David Scott (2008). M*A*S*H. Wayne State University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-8143-3347-8. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • Smith, Marian L. (1998). "Women and Naturalization". United States National Archives, Prolog Magazine.
  • Lie, John (2004). Multiethnic Japan. Harvard University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0-674-01358-1.
  • Schaeffer, Angela Paik (2005). "Rethinking Citizenship". The Johns Hopkins University, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Arts & Sciences Magazine.
  • "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Japan : Koreans". Minority Rights Group International. 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-06.

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