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== Disagreement ==
== Disagreement ==
Some disagreement has arisen among the Shavian community in regard to sound-symbol assignments, which have been the topic of frequent arguments. Primarily, this has concerned the alleged reversal of several pairs of letters.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
Some disagreement has arisen among the Shavian community in regard to sound-symbol assignments, which have been the topic of frequent arguments. Primarily, this has concerned the alleged reversal of several pairs of letters.<ref>some footnote</ref>


=== Haha-Hung reversal ===
=== Haha-Hung reversal ===
{{Cleanup|date=November 2009}}
{{Unreferenced|date=November 2009}}
The most frequent disagreement of the letter reversals has been over the Haha-Hung pair. The most convincing evidence suggesting this reversal is in the names of the letters: The unvoiced letter Haha is deep, while the voiced Hung, which suggests a lower position, is tall. This is often assumed to be a clerical error introduced in the rushed printing of the Shavian edition of ''Androcles and the Lion''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} This reversal obscures the system of tall letters as voiceless consonants and deep letters as voiced consonants.
The most frequent disagreement of the letter reversals has been over the Haha-Hung pair. The most convincing evidence suggesting this reversal is in the names of the letters: The unvoiced letter Haha is deep, while the voiced Hung, which suggests a lower position, is tall. This is often assumed to be a clerical error introduced in the rushed printing of the Shavian edition of ''Androcles and the Lion''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} This reversal obscures the system of tall letters as voiceless consonants and deep letters as voiced consonants.


Revision as of 23:55, 15 May 2010

Shavian alphabet
·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑
Script type
alphabet
CreatorRonald Kingsley Read
Time period
~1960 to the present
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesEnglish
Related scripts
Child systems
Quikscript
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Shaw (281), ​Shavian (Shaw)
Unicode
Unicode alias
Shavian
10450 – 1047F
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Template:Contains Shavian text

The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Androcles and the Lion, 1962. Paperback cover design by Germano Facetti

The Shavian alphabet (also known as Shaw alphabet) is an alphabet conceived as a way to provide simple, phonetic orthography for the English language to replace the difficulties of the conventional spelling. It was posthumously funded by and named after Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. Shaw set three main criteria for the new alphabet: it should be (1) at least 40 letters; (2) to be as phonetic as possible (that is, letters should have a 1:1 correspondence to sounds); and (3) be distinct from the Latin alphabet to avoid the impression that the new spellings were simply "misspellings".

Letters

The Shavian alphabet consists of three types of letters: tall, deep and short. Short letters are vowels, liquids (r, l) and nasals; tall letters (except Yea 𐑘 and Hung 𐑙) are unvoiced consonants. A tall letter rotated 180°, with the tall part now extending below the baseline, becomes a deep letter, representing equivalent voiced consonant (except Haha 𐑣).

Tall and deep letters:
Shavian letter
Unicode text 𐑐 𐑚 𐑑 𐑛 𐑒 𐑜 𐑓 𐑝 𐑔 𐑞
Pronunciation
(may vary, see below) 		/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /ɡ/ /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/
Name/example peep bib tot dead kick gag fee vow thigh they
 
 
𐑕 𐑟 𐑖 𐑠 𐑗 𐑡 𐑘 𐑢 𐑙 𐑣
/s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/ /j/ /w/ /ŋ/ /h/
so zoo sure measure church judge yea woe hung ha-ha
Short letters:
𐑤 𐑮 𐑥 𐑯 𐑦 𐑰 𐑧 𐑱 𐑨 𐑲
/l/ /ɹ/ /m/ /n/ /ɪ/ /iː/ /ɛ/ /eɪ/ /æ/ /aɪ/
loll roar mime nun if eat egg age ash ice
 
𐑩 𐑳 𐑪 𐑴 𐑫 𐑵 𐑬 𐑶 𐑭 𐑷
/ə/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /oʊ/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /aʊ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɑː/ /ɔː/
ado up on oak wool ooze out oil ah awe
Ligatures:
𐑸 𐑹 𐑺 𐑻 𐑼 𐑽 𐑾 𐑿
/ɑɚ/ /ɔɚ/ /ɛɚ/ /ɝ/ /ɚ/ /ɪɚ/ /ɪə/ /juː/
are or air err array ear Ian yew

There are no separate capital or lowercase letters as in the Roman alphabet; instead of using capitalization to mark proper names, a "naming dot" (·) is placed before a name. All other punctuation and word spacing is like in conventional orthography.

Spelling in Androcles follows the phonetic distinctions of British Received Pronunciation except for explicitly indicating vocalic "r" with the above ligatures. Most dialectical variations of English pronunciation can be regularly produced from this spelling, but those who do not make certain distinctions, particularly in the vowels, find it difficult to spontaneously produce the canonical spellings. For instance, most North American dialects merge 𐑭 /ɑː/ and 𐑪 /ɒ/. Canadian English, as well as many American dialects (particularly in the west and near the Canadian border), also merge these phonemes with 𐑷 /ɔː/, which is known as the cot-caught merger. In addition, many American dialects merge 𐑧 /ɛ/ and 𐑦 /ɪ/ before nasal consonants.

There is no ability to indicate word stress, however in most cases the reduction of unstressed vowels is sufficient to distinguish word pairs that are distinguished only by stress in the traditional orthography:

Spelling of words differentiated by stress
Traditional spelling convict
1st syllable stressed 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 /ˈkɒnvɪkt/
2nd syllable stressed 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 /ˌkənˈvɪkt/

Additionally, certain common words are abbreviated as single letters:

and 𐑯 n
the 𐑞 voiced th (/ð/)
of 𐑝 v
to 𐑑 t

History

File:Androcles and the Lion Shaw Alphabet Edition.jpg
Libraries were furnished with free hardcover copies of Androcles and the Lion: Shaw Alphabet Edition, 1962. Cover design by Germano Facetti

Shaw had served from 1926 to 1939 on the BBC's Advisory Committee on Spoken English, which included several exponents of phonetic writing. He also knew Henry Sweet, creator of Current Shorthand (and a prototype for the character of Henry Higgins), although Shaw himself used the shorthand system of Isaac Pitman. All of his interest in spelling and alphabet reform was made clear in Shaw's will of June 1950, in which provision was made for Isaac Pitman, with a grant in aid from the Public Trustee, to establish a Shaw Alphabet. Following Shaw's death in November 1950, and after some legal dispute, the Trustee announced a worldwide competition to design such an alphabet, with the aim of producing a system which would be an economical way of writing and of printing the English language.

A contest for the design of the new alphabet was won by a Mr. Ronald Kingsley Read. Read was then appointed the sole designer of the new alphabet.

Due to contestation of Shaw's will, the trust charged with developing the new alphabet could only afford to publish one book: a version of Shaw's play Androcles and the Lion, in bi-alphabetic edition with both conventional and Shavian spellings. (1962 Penguin Books, London)

Disagreement

Some disagreement has arisen among the Shavian community in regard to sound-symbol assignments, which have been the topic of frequent arguments. Primarily, this has concerned the alleged reversal of several pairs of letters.[1]

Haha-Hung reversal

The most frequent disagreement of the letter reversals has been over the Haha-Hung pair. The most convincing evidence suggesting this reversal is in the names of the letters: The unvoiced letter Haha is deep, while the voiced Hung, which suggests a lower position, is tall. This is often assumed to be a clerical error introduced in the rushed printing of the Shavian edition of Androcles and the Lion.[citation needed] This reversal obscures the system of tall letters as voiceless consonants and deep letters as voiced consonants.

Proponents of traditional Shavian, however, have suggested that Kingsley Read may not have intended for this system to be all-encompassing, though it seems that vertical placement alone served this purpose in an earlier version of Shavian, before the rotations were introduced. Also, Read may have intentionally reversed these letters, perhaps to emphasize that these letters represent unrelated sounds, which happen to occur in complementary distribution.

Both sides of the debate have suggested other reasons, including associations with various styles of Roman letters (namely, the /g/ in /-ing/, often written with a bottom-loop in script) and the effect of letter-height on the coastlines of words, but whether Read considered any of these is uncertain. Since the letter representing the same sound in Read's Quikscript appears identical to "Hung", it is doubtful that Read reversed the letter twice by mistake—he may have thought it best to leave things as they were, mistake or not, especially as a corrected /ng/ might in hasty or careless writing be confused with his new letter for /n/ in Quikscript. It is also possible that he was motivated at least in part by the high frequency of the English suffix "-ing": in handwriting, the tall "Hung" allows "ing" / ɪŋ / to be written without lifting the pen ( 𐑦𐑙 ); however, this can easily be done with the deep letter ( 𐑣 ) if the ( 𐑦 ) is written upwards, just as one should do—as recommended by Read—when writing the Shavian letters "Ash" ( 𐑨 ), "Ado" ( 𐑩 ), and "Ah" ( 𐑭 ).

Other reversals

Two other letters that are often alleged to have been reversed—intentionally or not—are Air and Err. Both are ligatures, and their relation to other letters is usually taken as evidence for this reversal.[citation needed]

Air is a ligature of the letters Egg and Roar. Based on their appearance, one would expect the ligature of these letters to be joined at the bottom and free at the top, yet the opposite is true.[citation needed]

Err, is a ligature of the letters Up and Roar. Based on their appearance, one would expect the ligature of these letters to be joined at the top and free at the bottom, yet once again, the opposite is true.[citation needed]

Variants

Quikscript

Some years after the initial publication of the Shaw alphabet, Read expanded it to create Quikscript, also known as the Read Alphabet. Quikscript is intended to be more useful for handwriting, and to that end is more cursive and uses more ligatures. Many letter forms are roughly the same in both alphabets; see the separate article for more details.

Revised Shaw alphabet

Paul Vandenbrink has created a modified Shavian alphabet which takes the controversial step of replacing most of the specific vowel letters with markers indicating which of several sets of vowel types a vowel belongs to, thus reducing the number of vowel distinctions and lessening the written differences between dialectal variations of English. This variant, and not the original Shaw alphabet, is presented at http://www.shawalphabet.com/.

Ŝava alfabeto

An adaptation of Shavian to another language, Esperanto, was developed by Ĝan Ŭesli Starling (John Wesley Starling); though not widely used, at least one booklet has been published with transliterated sample texts. As that language is already spelled phonemically, direct conversion from Latin to Shavian letters can be performed, though several ligatures are added for the common combinations of vowels with n and s and some common short words.

Pronunciations that differ from their English values are marked in bold red.

Ŝava letter 𐑨 𐑚 𐑔 𐑗 𐑛 𐑧 𐑓 𐑜 𐑡 𐑣 𐑙 𐑦 𐑢 𐑠
Pronunciation [a] [b] [ts] [tʃ] [d] [e] [f] [ɡ] [dʒ] [h] [x] [i] [j] [ʒ]
Conventional orthography a b c ĉ d e f g ĝ h ĥ i j ĵ
 
𐑒 𐑤 𐑵 𐑫 𐑩 𐑐 𐑮 𐑕 𐑖 𐑑 𐑪 𐑘 𐑝 𐑟
[k] [l] [m] [n] [o] [p] [r] [s] [ʃ] [t] [u] [w] [v] [z]
k l m n o p r s ŝ t u ŭ v z
Ligatures
la kaj aŭ aj

Use with computers

Shavian is encoded in plane 1 of Unicode, from U+10450 to U+1047F. Support for this part of Unicode is fairly new, and not all computer systems support it. Unicode Shavian fonts are also still quite rare. Before it was standardised, fonts were made that include Shavian letters in the places of Roman letters, and/or in an agreed upon location in the Unicode private use area, allocated from the ConScript Unicode Registry and now superseded by the official Unicode standard.

Fonts

These fonts contain full Unicode support for Shavian.

See also

  1. ^ some footnote
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