View source for St. Louis

{{About|the city in Missouri, United States}}
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{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = St. Louis
| settlement_type    = [[Independent city (United States)|Independent city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| total_width             = 300
| border                  = infobox
| perrow                  = 1,2,2,1
| caption_align           = center
| image1                  = Runner Fountain and Old Courthouse and Arch (5618845531).jpg
| caption1                = The [[Old Courthouse (St. Louis)|Old Courthouse]] and [[Gateway Arch]] in [[Downtown St. Louis]]
| image2                  = St. Louis Art Museum.JPG
| caption2                = [[Saint Louis Art Museum]]
| image3                 = Busch Pano 2022.jpg
| caption3               = [[Busch Stadium]]
| image4                 = Climatron - panoramio.jpg
| caption4               = [[Missouri Botanical Garden]]
| image5                 = St. Louis Union Station (17577826564).jpg 
| caption5               = [[St. Louis Union Station|Union Station]]
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of St. Louis, Missouri.svg
| image_seal         = Seal of St. Louis, Missouri.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of St. Louis, Missouri.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| nickname           = "Gateway to the West",<ref name="Globosapiens.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/St.+Louis-698.html|title=St. Louis United States – Visiting the Gateway to the West|publisher=Globosapiens.net|access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090544/http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/St.+Louis-698.html |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Gateway City,<ref name="Globosapiens.net"/> Mound City,<ref>[http://www.slpl.org/slpl/interests/article240099632.asp St. Louis Public Library on "Mound City"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001231020/http://www.slpl.org/slpl/interests/article240099632.asp|date=October 1, 2008}}.</ref> The Lou,<ref>
[https://archive.today/20080522094145/http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/the-editors-desk/the-editors-desk/2008/05/offended-by-the-lou/ STLtoday.com on "The Lou"].</ref> Rome of the West,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romeofthewest.com/ |title=Rome of the West |publisher=Stltoday.com |access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810033358/http://www.romeofthewest.com/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> River City, The STL, St. Lou
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| map_caption        = Interactive map of St. Louis
| pushpin_map        = Missouri#USA
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| coordinates        = {{coord|38|37|38|N|90|11|52|W|region:US-MO_type:city(302,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = United States
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Missouri]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Greater St. Louis|St. Louis–St. Charles–Farmington, MO–IL]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Metropolitan statistical area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[St. Louis, MO-IL MSA|St. Louis, MO-IL]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = February 14, 1764
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date2  = 1822
| named_for          = [[Louis IX of France]]
| government_type    = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| governing_body     = [[St. Louis Board of Aldermen|Board of Aldermen]]
| leader_title       = [[Mayor of St. Louis|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Tishaura Jones]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| leader_title1      = [[St. Louis Board of Aldermen|President, Board of Aldermen]]
| leader_name1       = [[Megan Green]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| leader_title2      = [[Treasurer]]
| leader_name2       = Adam Layne
| leader_title3      = [[Comptroller]]
| leader_name3       = Darlene Green ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| leader_title4      = [[United States House of Representatives|Congressional representative]]
| leader_name4       = [[Cori Bush]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_total_km2     = 171.39
| area_total_sq_mi   = 66.17
| area_land_km2      = 159.85
| area_land_sq_mi    = 61.72
| area_water_km2     = 11.53
| area_water_sq_mi   = 4.45
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 910.4
| area_urban_km2     = 2,357.8
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 8,458
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=August 28, 2022|archive-date=January 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119173812/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="St. Louis Elevation">{{cite web|title=St. Louis City, Missouri – Population Finder – American FactFinder|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=106:3:3712217792123411::NO::P3_FID:765765|date=October 24, 1980|access-date=December 23, 2008|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122161856/https://geonames.usgs.gov/login/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation_ft       = 466
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name="St. Louis elevation 2">{{cite web|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|website=U.S. Geological Survey|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior — U.S. Geological Survey|access-date=October 17, 2016|date=April 29, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183109/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|archive-date=November 9, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total   = 301578
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_est     = 293310
| pop_est_as_of      = 2021
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="USCensusEst2021"/>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
| population_density_sq_mi = 4886.23
| population_density_km2 = 1886.59
| population_urban   = 2156323 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|22nd]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 914.5
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,368.6
| population_metro   = 2809299 (US: [[Metropolitan statistical area|21st]])
| population_rank    = US: [[List of United States cities by population|76th]]<br>Midwest: 13th<br>Missouri: 2nd
| population_blank2_title = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]]
| population_blank2  = 2914230 (US: [[Combined statistical area|20th]])
| population_demonym = St. Louisan; Saint Louisan
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title= Total Gross Domestic Product for St. Louis, MO-IL (MSA) |url= https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180 |website= fred.stlouisfed.org |access-date= December 7, 2023 |archive-date= October 9, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231009234549/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Greater St. Louis
| demographics2_info1 = $209.9 billion (2022)
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = {{collapsible list
 | title                    = List
 | frame_style              = border:none; padding: 0;
 | list_style               = display:none
|63101–63141<br />63143–63147<br />63150–63151<br />63155–63158<br />63160<br />63163–63164<br />63166–63167<br />63169<br />63171<br />63177–63180<br />63182<br />63188<br />63190<br />63195<br />63197–63199}}
| area_code          = [[Area code 314|314/557]]
| area_code_type     = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| timezone           = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset         = −6
| timezone_DST       = [[Central Time Zone|CDT]]
| utc_offset_DST     = −5
| elevation_max_ft   = 614
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info         = 29-65000
| website            = {{URL|https://stlouis-mo.gov}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''St. Louis''' ({{IPAc-en|s|eɪ|n|t|_|ˈ|l|uː|ᵻ|s|,_|s|ən|t|-}} {{respell|saynt|_|LOO|iss|,_|sənt|-}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saint%20louis|title=Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster|access-date=July 23, 2020|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022075756/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saint%20louis|url-status=live}}</ref> is an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Missouri]]. It is located near the [[confluence]] of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and the [[Missouri River|Missouri]] rivers. In 2020, the [[city proper]] had a population of 301,578,<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/St._Louis_city,_Missouri?g=1600000US2965000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602183509/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/St._Louis_city,_Missouri?g=1600000US2965000 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=October 7, 2022 }}</ref> while [[Greater St. Louis|its metropolitan area]], which extends into [[Illinois]], had an estimated population of over 2.8 million. It is the [[List of metropolitan areas of Missouri|largest metropolitan area in Missouri]] and the second-largest in Illinois. The city's [[combined statistical area]] is the 20th-largest in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web   |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Census.gov |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629175327/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The land that became St. Louis had been occupied by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] cultures for thousands of years before [[European colonization of the Americas|European settlement]]. The city was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders [[Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent]], [[Pierre Laclède]], and [[Auguste Chouteau]].<ref name="Cazorla et al">Cazorla, Frank; Baena, Rose; Polo, David; and Reder Gadow, Marion. (2019) ''The governor Louis de Unzaga (1717–1793) Pioneer in the Birth of the United States of America''. Foundation, Malaga, pages 49, 57–65, 70–75, 150, 207</ref> They named it for King [[Louis IX of France]], and it quickly became the regional center of the French [[Illinois Country]]. In 1804, the United States acquired St. Louis as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. In the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]] in 1877, becoming an [[independent city]] and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]], also known as the St. Louis World's Fair, and the [[1904 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=History: Physical Growth of the City of St. Louis |publisher=St. Louis City Planning Commission |year=1969}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of St. Louis |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/visit-play/stlouis-history.cfm |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=stlouis-mo.gov |language=en |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726081313/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/visit-play/stlouis-history.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

St. Louis is designated as one of 173 [[global city|global cities]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316190541/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The GDP of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |date=2001-01-01 |title=Total Gross Domestic Product for St. Louis, MO-IL (MSA) |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009234549/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180 |url-status=live }}</ref> St. Louis has a diverse economy with strengths in the service, manufacturing, trade, transportation, and aviation industries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commerce and Industry {{!}} UMSL |url=https://www.umsl.edu/searches/stl/commerce.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.umsl.edu |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208035741/https://www.umsl.edu/searches/stl/commerce.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is home to fifteen [[Fortune 1000|''Fortune'' 1000]] companies, seven of which are also [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven St. Louis-area companies make Fortune 500 list - St. Louis Business Journal |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2023/06/05/seven-st-louis-companies-make-fortune-500.html?ana=ksdk |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.bizjournals.com |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120002734/https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2023/06/05/seven-st-louis-companies-make-fortune-500.html?ana=ksdk |url-status=live }}</ref> Federal agencies headquartered in the city or with significant operations there include the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]], the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]], and the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]].

Major [[Research university|research universities]] in Greater St. Louis include [[Washington University in St. Louis]], [[Saint Louis University]],<!-- "Saint Louis University" is never abbreviated. --> and the [[University of Missouri–St. Louis]]. The [[Washington University Medical Center]] in the [[Central West End, St. Louis|Central West End]] neighborhood hosts an agglomeration of [[List of hospitals in St. Louis|medical and pharmaceutical institutions]], including [[Barnes-Jewish Hospital]].

St. Louis has [[Sports in St. Louis|four professional sports teams]]: the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] of [[Major League Baseball]], the [[St. Louis Blues]] of the [[National Hockey League]], [[St. Louis City SC]] of [[Major League Soccer]], and the [[St. Louis BattleHawks]] of the [[United Football League (2024)|United Football League]]. The city's attractions include the {{convert|630|ft|m|adj=mid|0}} [[Gateway Arch]] in [[Downtown St. Louis]], the [[St. Louis Zoo]], the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]], the [[St. Louis Art Museum]], and [[Bellefontaine Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fox2now.com/2018/05/04/st-louis-zoo-named-best-zoo-and-wins-best-zoo-exhibit-in-readers-choice-awards/|title=St. Louis Zoo named 'Best Zoo' and wins 'Best Zoo Exhibit' in Readers' Choice Awards|date=May 4, 2018|website=FOX2now.com|language=en|access-date=August 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802221146/https://fox2now.com/2018/05/04/st-louis-zoo-named-best-zoo-and-wins-best-zoo-exhibit-in-readers-choice-awards/|archive-date=August 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arbnet.org/morton-register/bellefontaine-cemetery-and-arboretum|title=Bellefontaine Cemetery and Arboretum Level II Accreditation Listing|website=arbnet.org/morton-register/bellefontaine-cemetery-and-arboretum|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125022302/http://www.arbnet.org/morton-register/bellefontaine-cemetery-and-arboretum|archive-date=November 25, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of St. Louis}}
{{For timeline}}
===Mississippian culture and European exploration===
{{Quote box |width=20em |align=right|bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|fontsize=90% |quote={{flag|Kingdom of France}} 1690s–1763<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Spain|1785}}  1763–1800<br />{{flag|French First Republic}} 1800–1803<br />{{flag|United States|1804}} 1803–present
}}
[[File:Old_Chouteau_Mansion,_St._Louis._Mo_(cropped).jpg|thumb|The home of [[Auguste Chouteau]] is in St. Louis. [[Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent]],<ref name="Cazorla et al"/> Chouteau, and [[Pierre Laclède]] founded St. Louis in 1764.]]
{{Main|History of St. Louis before 1762}}
The area that became St. Louis was a center of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Mississippian culture]], which built numerous temple and residential [[Earthwork (archaeology)|earthwork]] [[Mound builder (people)|mounds]] on both sides of the Mississippi River. Their major regional center was at [[Cahokia Mounds]], active from 900 to 1500. Due to numerous major [[earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the "Mound City". These mounds were mostly demolished during the city's development. Historic Native American tribes in the area encountered by early Europeans included the [[Siouan]]-speaking [[Osage people]], whose territory extended west, and the [[Illiniwek]].

European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers [[Louis Jolliet]] and [[Jacques Marquette]] traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|La Salle]] claimed the region for France as part of [[Louisiana (New France)|La Louisiane]], also known as [[Louisiana]]. The earliest European settlements in the [[Illinois Country]] (also known as Upper Louisiana) were built by the French during the 1690s and early 1700s at [[Cahokia, Illinois|Cahokia]], [[Kaskaskia, Illinois|Kaskaskia]], and [[Fort de Chartres]]. Migrants from the French villages on the east side of the [[Mississippi River]], such as Kaskaskia,  also founded [[Ste. Genevieve, Missouri|Ste. Genevieve]] in the 1730s.

In 1764, after France lost the [[Seven Years' War]], [[Pierre Laclède]] and his stepson [[Auguste Chouteau]] founded what was to become the city of St. Louis.<ref>Hoffhaus. (1984). ''Chez Les Canses: Three Centuries at Kawsmouth'', Kansas City: Lowell Press. {{ISBN|0-913504-91-2}}.</ref> (French lands east of the Mississippi had been ceded to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the lands west of the Mississippi to Spain; Catholic France and Spain were 18th-century allies. [[Louis XV of France]] and [[Charles III of Spain]] were cousins, both from the House of Bourbon.<ref>[[Pacte de Famille#The third Pacte de Famille]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}})  The French families built the city's economy on the [[fur trade]] with the Osage, and with more distant tribes along the [[Missouri River]]. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. French colonists used [[History of slavery in Missouri|African slaves]] as domestic servants and workers in the city.

During the negotiations for the 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], French negotiators agreed to transfer France's colonial territories west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to [[New Spain]] to compensate for Spanish territorial losses during the war. These areas remained under Spanish control until 1803, when they were transferred to the [[French First Republic]]. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the 1780 [[Battle of St. Louis]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010223093542/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/attack.htm ''www.usgennet.org''.] Attack On St. Louis: May 26, 1780.</ref>

===Founding===
{{Main|History of St. Louis (1763–1803)}}
The founding of St. Louis was preceded by a trading business between [[Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent]] and [[Pierre Laclède|Pierre Laclède (Liguest)]] in late 1763. St. Maxent invested in a Mississippi River expedition led by Laclède, who searched for a location to base the company's fur trading operations. Though [[Ste. Genevieve, Missouri|Ste. Genevieve]] was already established as a trading center, he sought a place less prone to flooding. He found an elevated area overlooking the flood plain of the Mississippi River, not far south from its confluence with the Missouri and Illinois rivers. In addition to having an advantageous natural drainage system, there were nearby forested areas to supply timber and grasslands which could easily be converted for agricultural purposes. Laclède declared that this place "might become, hereafter, one of the finest cities in America". He dispatched his 14-year-old stepson, [[Auguste Chouteau]], to the site, with the support of 30 settlers in February 1764.<ref name="wade3">{{cite book |last1=Wade |first1=Richard C.|title=The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790–1830 |date=1959 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-252-06422-4 |pages=3–4|edition=1996 Illini Books}}</ref>

Laclède arrived at the future town site two months later and produced a plan for St. Louis based on the New Orleans street plan. The default block size was 240 by 300 feet, with just three long avenues running parallel to the west bank of the Mississippi. He established a public corridor of 300 feet fronting the river, but later this area was released for private development.<ref name=wade3/>

[[File:St-louis-attack.jpg|thumb|alt=This photograph of a mural titled ''Indian Attack on the Village of St. Louis'', 1780, depicts the Battle of St. Louis.|The mural ''Indian Attack on the Village of St. Louis'', 1780, depicts that during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the [[Battle of St. Louis]] in 1780.]]
For the city's first few years, it was not recognized by any governments. Although the settlement was thought to be under the control of the Spanish government, no one asserted any authority over it, and thus St. Louis had no local government. This vacuum led Laclède to assume civil control, and all problems were disposed in public settings, such as communal meetings. In addition, Laclède granted new settlers lots in town and the surrounding countryside. In hindsight, many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as "the golden age of St. Louis".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Ravenswaay |first1=Charles |title=St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1764-1865 |date=1991 |publisher=Missouri History Museum |isbn=9780252019159 |pages=26}}</ref> In 1763, the Native Americans in the region around St. Louis began expressing dissatisfaction with the victorious British, objecting to their refusal to continue to the French tradition of supplying gifts to Natives. Odawa chieftain [[Pontiac (Odawa leader)|Pontiac]] began forming a pan-tribal alliance to counter British control over the region but received little support from the indigenous residents of St. Louis. By 1765, the city began receiving visits from representatives of the British, French, and Spanish governments.

St. Louis was transferred to the [[French First Republic]] in 1800 (although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials), then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. St. Louis became the capital of, and gateway to, the new territory. Shortly after [[Three Flags Day|the official transfer of authority]] was made, the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory. There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, but the party had to go overland in the Upper West. They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805. They returned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as [[Ashley's Hundred]]) would later take a similar route to the West.

===19th century===
{{Main|History of St. Louis (1804–1865)|History of St. Louis (1866–1904)}}
{{see also|St. Louis in the American Civil War}}
[[File:White men pose, 104 Locust Street, St. Louis, Missouri in 1852 at Lynch's Slave Market - (cropped).jpg|thumb|White men pose in 1852 at Lynch's [[slave market]] at 104 Locust Street.]]
The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. [[Steamboat]]s first arrived in St. Louis in 1817, improving connections with [[New Orleans]] and eastern markets. Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to develop largely due to its busy [[port]] and trade connections.

[[File:City of Saint Louis and Riverfront, 1874.jpg|thumb|City of St. Louis and Riverfront, 1874]]
[[File:St. Louis, Mo. tornado May 27, 1896 south broadway.JPG|thumb|South Broadway had a tornado on May 27, 1896.]]
Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 inhabitants in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans.

Settled by many Southerners in a [[Free and slave states|slave state]], the city was split in political sympathies and became polarized during the [[American Civil War]]. In 1861, 28 civilians were killed in a [[Camp Jackson Affair|clash with Union troops]]. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the [[Union blockade]] of river traffic to the south on the Mississippi River. The [[St. Louis Arsenal]] constructed [[ironclad]]s for the [[Union Navy]].

[[History of slavery in Missouri|Slaves]] worked in many jobs on the waterfront and on the riverboats. Given the city's location close to the [[Free and slave states|free state]] of Illinois and others, some slaves escaped to freedom. Others, especially women with children, sued in court in [[freedom suits]], and several prominent local attorneys aided slaves in these suits. About half the slaves achieved freedom in hundreds of suits before the American Civil War.
The printing press of abolitionist [[Elijah Parish Lovejoy]] was destroyed for the third time by townsfolk. He was murdered the next year in nearby [[Alton, Illinois]].

After the war, St. Louis profited via trade with the West, aided by the 1874 completion of the [[Eads Bridge]], named for its design engineer. Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge, the second in the Midwest over the Mississippi River after the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis. The bridge connects St. Louis, Missouri to [[East St. Louis, Illinois]]. The Eads Bridge became a symbolic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the [[Gateway Arch]] Bridge was constructed. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993. An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily.

On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to [[urban secession|secede]] from [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]] and become an independent city, and, following a recount of the votes in November, officially did so in March 1877.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stlmag.com/news/politics/st-louis-great-divorce-history-city-county-split-attempt-to-get-back-together/ |title=St. Louis' Great Divorce: A complete history of the city and county separation and attempts to get back together |date=March 8, 2019 |last=Cooperman |first=Jeannette |website=[[St. Louis Magazine]] |access-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420161447/https://www.stlmag.com/news/politics/st-louis-great-divorce-history-city-county-split-attempt-to-get-back-together/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1877 St. Louis general strike]] caused significant upheaval, in a fight for the eight-hour day and the banning of child labor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCabe |first1=James Dabney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auNCAAAAIAAJ |title=The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires |last2=Winslow |first2=Edward Martin |year=1877 |location=[[Philadelphia]] |publisher=National Publishing Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124212529/https://books.google.com/books?id=auNCAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=November 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2024}}

Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. Major corporations such as the [[Anheuser-Busch]] brewery, [[Ralston Purina]] company and [[Desloge Consolidated Lead Company]] were established at St. Louis which was also home to several [[brass era]] automobile companies, including the [[Success Automobile Manufacturing Company]];<ref>Clymer, Floyd. ''Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925'' (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p. 32.</ref> St. Louis is the site of the [[Wainwright Building]], a skyscraper designed in 1892 by architect [[Louis Sullivan]].

===20th century===
{{Main|History of St. Louis (1905–1980)}}
[[File:Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg|thumb|The Government Building is at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 World's Fair]].]]
In 1900, the entire streetcar system was shut down by a [[St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900|several months-long strike]], with significant unrest occurring in the city & violence against the striking workers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arenson |first=Adam |title=The great heart of the republic: St. Louis and the cultural Civil War |date=2015 |publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=978-0-8262-2064-6 |edition=1st |location=Columbia (Mo.)}}</ref>

In 1904, the city hosted the [[1904 World's Fair|World's Fair]] and the [[1904 Summer Olympics|Olympics]], becoming the first non-European city to host the games.<ref name="1904 Olympics">{{cite web |title=1904 Summer Olympics |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904 |access-date=April 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815120301/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904 |archive-date=August 15, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The formal name for the 1904 World's Fair was the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]]. Permanent facilities and structures remaining from the fair are located in [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]], and other notable structures within the park's boundaries include the [[Saint Louis Art Museum|St. Louis Art Museum]], the [[Saint Louis Zoo|St. Louis Zoo]] and the [[Missouri History Museum]], and Tower Grove Park and the Botanical Gardens.

After the Civil War, social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis. In 1916, during the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow Era]], St. Louis passed a residential segregation ordinance<ref>Primm, James. ''Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980''. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri History Museum Press. 1998. Print</ref> saying that if 75% of the residents of a neighborhood were of a certain race, no one from a different race was allowed to move in.<ref>Smith, Jeffrey. "A Preservation Plan for St. Louis Part I: Historic Contexts" St. Louis, Missouri Cultural Resources Office. Web. Retrieved November 13, 2014.</ref> That ordinance was struck down in a court challenge, by the NAACP,<ref>NAACP. Papers of the NAACP Part 5. The Campaign against Residential Segregation. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. 1986. Web</ref> after which racial covenants were used to prevent the sale of houses in certain neighborhoods to "persons not of Caucasian race".{{Clarify|date=December 2021|reason=Who are these racists and in what way did racial covenants restrict house sales?}} Again, St. Louisans offered a lawsuit in challenge, and such covenants were ruled unconstitutional by the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] in 1948 in ''[[Shelley v. Kraemer]]''.<ref>"Shelley House". We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement. National Park Service. Retrieved November 10, 2014.</ref>

In 1926, [[Douglass University]], a [[historically black university]] was founded by [[Benjamin F. Bowles|B. F. Bowles]] in St. Louis, and at the time no other college in St. Louis County admitted black students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Early |first=Gerald Lyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRLhcVs_pJUC |title=Ain't But a Place: An Anthology of African American Writings about St. Louis |date=1998 |publisher=Missouri History Museum |isbn=978-1-883982-28-7 |pages=307–314 |language=en}}</ref>

In the first half of the 20th century, St. Louis was a destination in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of African Americans from the rural South seeking better opportunities.{{cn|date=June 2024}} During [[World War II]], the [[NAACP]] campaigned to integrate war factories. In 1964, [[Civil and political rights|civil rights activists]] protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions, where they were underrepresented. The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Between 1900 and 1929, St. Louis, had about 220 automakers, close to 10 percent of all American carmakers, about half of which built cars exclusively in St. Louis. Notable names include Dorris, Gardner and Moon.<ref>Hemmings, American City Business Journals, accessed January 22, 2022 [https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-best-of-the-little-three-1903-st-louis-runabout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124144740/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-best-of-the-little-three-1903-st-louis-runabout|date=January 24, 2022}}</ref>

In the first part of the century, St. Louis had some of the worst [[air pollution in the United States]]. In April 1940, the city banned the use of soft coal mined in nearby states. The city hired inspectors to ensure that only [[anthracite]] was burned. By 1946, the city had reduced air pollution by about 75%.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Neil|first1=Tim|title=Nov. 28 1939: The day 'Black Tuesday' rolled into St. Louis|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/nov-the-day-black-tuesday-rolled-into-st-louis/article_00c3b6cd-ba69-5a19-b498-fbc29f9630c4.html|access-date=December 8, 2016|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202041856/http://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/nov-the-day-black-tuesday-rolled-into-st-louis/article_00c3b6cd-ba69-5a19-b498-fbc29f9630c4.html|archive-date=December 2, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:FromLacledesLanding.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Gateway Arch|Arch]] (completed 1965) is visible from [[Laclede's Landing]], the remaining section of St. Louis's commercial riverfront.]]
''[[De jure]]'' educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and ''[[de facto]]'' segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bused mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcf.org/Publications/Education/freigovel.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040621102044/http://www.tcf.org/Publications/Education/freigovel.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 21, 2004|title=St. Louis: Desegregation and School Choice in the Land of Dred Scott|access-date=October 1, 2010}}</ref>

St. Louis, like many [[Midwestern]] cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization, which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web|url=http://stlouis.missouri.org/heritage/History69/|title=Physical Growth of the City of St. Louis|access-date=July 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726220826/http://stlouis.missouri.org/heritage/History69/|archive-date=July 26, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suburbanization]] from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs.{{cn|date=June 2024}} The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city, and it lost much of its tax base. During the 19th and 20th century, most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city; however, St. Louis was unable to do so.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Several [[urban renewal]] projects were built in the 1950s, as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing. Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems. One prominent example, [[Pruitt–Igoe]], became a symbol of failure in public housing, and was torn down less than two decades after it was built.

Since the 1980s, several revitalization efforts have focused on [[Downtown St. Louis]].

===21st century===
{{Main|History of St. Louis (1981–present)}}
The urban revitalization projects that started in the 1980s continued into the new century. The city's [[Washington Avenue Historic District (St. Louis, Missouri)|old garment district]], centered on Washington Avenue in the [[Downtown St. Louis|Downtown]] and [[Downtown West, St. Louis|Downtown West]] neighborhoods, experienced major development starting in the late 1990s as many of the old factory and warehouse buildings were converted into lofts. The [[American Planning Association]] designated Washington Avenue as one of 10 Great Streets for 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-04 |title=Washington Avenue is Named "Great Street" by American Planning Association |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/Washington-Avenue-is-Named-Great-Street.cfm |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=stlouis-mo.gov |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114205234/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/Washington-Avenue-is-Named-Great-Street.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Cortex Innovation Community]], located within the city's [[Central West End, St. Louis|Central West End]] neighborhood, was founded in 2002 and has become a multi-billion dollar economic engine for the region, with companies such as Microsoft and Boeing currently leasing office space.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kukuljan |first=Steph |date=2022-03-21 |title=Cortex, facing unprecedented challenges, plots new course. 'This is an evolution,' says chief. |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/cortex-facing-unprecedented-challenges-plots-new-course-this-is-an-evolution-says-chief/article_db2258b1-9860-58d1-94cf-bbff7160bca3.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115030941/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/cortex-facing-unprecedented-challenges-plots-new-course-this-is-an-evolution-says-chief/article_db2258b1-9860-58d1-94cf-bbff7160bca3.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bean |first=Randy |title=Meet Me In St. Louis – The Reemergence Of An Innovation Hub |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2020/03/26/meet-me-in-st-louis--the-reemergence-of-an-innovation-hub/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115030952/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2020/03/26/meet-me-in-st-louis--the-reemergence-of-an-innovation-hub/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Forest Park Southeast, St. Louis|Forest Park Southeast]] neighborhood in the central corridor has seen major investment starting in the early 2010s. Between 2013 and 2018, over $50 million worth of residential construction has been built in the neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Doug |date=2018-04-29 |title=These longtime St. Louis residents are digging in as their neighborhood takes off |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/these-longtime-st-louis-residents-are-digging-in-as-their-neighborhood-takes-off/article_5e8244f1-742d-5a7a-b173-fff8f930f088.html |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120002744/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/these-longtime-st-louis-residents-are-digging-in-as-their-neighborhood-takes-off/article_5e8244f1-742d-5a7a-b173-fff8f930f088.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of the neighborhood has increased by 19% from the 2010 to 2020 Census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest Park South East Census Data {{!}} City of St. Louis |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/research/census/data/neighborhoods/neighborhood.cfm |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=stlouis-mo.gov |language=en |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518142148/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/research/census/data/neighborhoods/neighborhood.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[St. Louis Rams]] of the [[National Football League]] controversially returned to [[Los Angeles]] in 2016. The city of St. Louis sued the NFL in 2017, alleging the league breached its own relocation guidelines to profit at the expense of the city. In 2021, the NFL and Rams owner [[Stan Kroenke]] agreed to settle out of court with the city for $790 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-06 |title=Rams owner Kroenke rips St. Louis market as he seeks LA move |url=https://apnews.com/article/f8703bf3a7d7495ebea1884c8a71f04e |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524060119/https://apnews.com/article/f8703bf3a7d7495ebea1884c8a71f04e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=$790M settlement in lawsuit over Rams' St. Louis departure |url=https://apnews.com/article/nfl-sports-business-los-angeles-st-louis-1cff28235e3d10777a86103d983cd2f1 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124092827/https://apnews.com/article/nfl-sports-business-los-angeles-st-louis-1cff28235e3d10777a86103d983cd2f1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of St. Louis}}

===Landmarks===
{{Further|Landmarks of St. Louis}}
{{see also|List of public art in St. Louis}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Description
!Photo
|-
|[[Gateway Arch]]
|At {{convert|630|ft|m}}, the Gateway Arch is the world's tallest [[arch]] and tallest human-made [[monument]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lohraff |first=Kevin |year=2009 |title=Hiking Missouri |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO83BlN64sIC&pg=PA73 |location=Champaign, IL |publisher=Human Kinetics |isbn=978-0-7360-7588-6 |page=73 |access-date=November 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102210822/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO83BlN64sIC&pg=PA73 |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Built as a monument to the [[westward expansion of the United States]], it is the centerpiece of [[Gateway Arch National Park]] which was known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018.
|[[File:Gateway_Arch_at_Sunset_(cropped).jpg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[Saint Louis Art Museum|St. Louis Art Museum]]
|Built for the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 World's Fair]], with a building designed by [[Cass Gilbert]], the museum houses paintings, sculptures, and cultural objects. The museum is located in [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]], and admission is free.
|[[File:St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG|150x150px]]
|-
|[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]
|Founded in 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in the United States and a [[National Historic Landmark]]. It spans 79 acres in the [[Shaw, St. Louis|Shaw]] neighborhood, including a {{convert|14|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} [[Japanese garden]] and the Climatron [[geodesic dome]] conservatory.
|[[File:Missouri_Botanical_Garden.jpg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)|Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis]]
|Dedicated in 1914, it is the mother church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis|Archdiocese of St. Louis]] and the seat of its [[archbishop]]. The church is known for its large [[mosaic]] installation (which is one of the largest in the Western Hemisphere with 41.5 million pieces), burial crypts, and its outdoor sculpture.
|[[File:Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis.JPG|150x150px]]
|-
|[[City Hall (St. Louis, Missouri)|City Hall]]
|Located in [[Downtown West, St. Louis|Downtown West]], City Hall was designed by [[Harvey Ellis]] in 1892 in the [[Renaissance Revival Architecture|Renaissance Revival]] style. It is reminiscent of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris]].
|[[File:St_Louis_MO_City_Hall_20150905-100.jpg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[St. Louis Public Library|Central Library]]
|Completed in 1912, the Central Library building was designed by [[Cass Gilbert]]. It serves as the main location for the [[St. Louis Public Library]].
|[[File:STLCentrallibrary.jpg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[City Museum]]
|City Museum is a play house museum, consisting largely of repurposed architectural and industrial objects, housed in the former International Shoe building in the [[Washington Avenue Loft District]].
|[[File:City_Museum_outdoor_structures.jpg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[Old Courthouse (St. Louis)|Old Courthouse]]
|Built in the 19th century, it served as a federal and state courthouse. The [[Scott v. Sandford]] case (resulting in the Dred Scott decision) was tried at the courthouse in 1846.
|[[File:Old_St_Louis_County_Courthouse_20150905_046-047.jpg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[St. Louis Science Center]]
|Founded in 1963, it includes a [[science museum]] and a [[planetarium]], and is situated in [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]]. Admission is free. It is one of two science centers in the United States which offers free general admission.
|[[File:McDonnellPlanetarium.jpg|frameless|upright=0.65]]
|-
|[[St. Louis Symphony]]
|Founded in 1880, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra is the second oldest symphony orchestra in the United States, preceded by the [[New York Philharmonic]]. Its principal concert venue is [[Powell Symphony Hall]].
|[[File:782px-Powell_Symphony_Hall.jpg|frameless|upright=0.65]]
|-
|[[Union Station (St. Louis)|Union Station]]
|Built in 1888, it was the city's main passenger intercity train terminal. Once the world's largest and busiest train station, it was converted in the 1980s into a hotel, [[shopping mall|shopping center]], and entertainment complex. Today, it also continues to serve local rail ([[MetroLink (St. Louis)|MetroLink]]) transit passengers, with [[Amtrak]] service nearby. On December 25, 2019, the St. Louis Aquarium opened inside Union Station. The St. Louis Wheel, a 200&nbsp;ft 42 gondola ferris wheel, is also located at Union Station.
|[[File:Grand_Hall_at_Union_Station.jpg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[Saint Louis Zoo|St. Louis Zoo]]
|Built for the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 World's Fair]], it is recognized as a leading zoo in animal management, research, conservation, and education. It is located in [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]], and admission is free.
|[[File:St. Louis Zoo sign.jpg|150x150px]]
|}

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture of St. Louis}}
{{see also|List of tallest buildings in St. Louis}}
[[File:Wainwright building st louis USA.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Wainwright Building]] (1891), is an important [[Early skyscrapers|early skyscraper]] designed by [[Louis Sullivan]].]]
[[File:Lafayette Square St-Louis.jpg|thumb|Many houses in [[Lafayette Square, St. Louis|Lafayette Square]] are built with a blending of Greek Revival, Federal and Italianate styles.]]
The architecture of St. Louis exhibits a variety of commercial, residential, and monumental [[architecture]]. St. Louis is known for the [[Gateway Arch]], the tallest [[monument]] constructed in the United States at {{convert|630|ft|m}}.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/21/st-louis-reasons-to-love_n_4993763.html |work=Huffington Post |first=Marcos |last=Saldivar |title=26 Reasons St. Louis Is America's Hidden Gem |access-date=March 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324041004/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/21/st-louis-reasons-to-love_n_4993763.html |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Arch pays homage to [[Thomas Jefferson]] and St. Louis's position as the gateway to the West. Architectural influences reflected in the area include [[French Colonial]], [[Architecture of Germany|German]], [[Architecture of the United States|early American]], and [[Modern architecture|modern architectural]] styles.

Several examples of religious structures are extant from the pre-Civil War period, and most reflect the common residential styles of the time. Among the earliest is the [[Basilica of St. Louis, King of France]] (referred to as the ''Old Cathedral''). The Basilica was built between 1831 and 1834 in the Federal style. Other religious buildings from the period include SS. Cyril and Methodius Church (1857) in the Romanesque Revival style and [[Christ Church Cathedral (St. Louis, Missouri)|Christ Church Cathedral]] (completed in 1867, designed in 1859) in the Gothic Revival style.

A few civic buildings were constructed during the early 19th century. The original St. Louis courthouse was built in 1826 and featured a Federal style stone facade with a rounded portico. However, this courthouse was replaced during renovation and expansion of the building in the 1850s. The [[Old Courthouse (St. Louis, Missouri)|Old St. Louis County Courthouse]] (known as the ''Old Courthouse'') was completed in 1864 and was notable for having a [[cast iron]] dome and for being the tallest structure in Missouri until 1894. Finally, a customs house was constructed in the Greek Revival style in 1852, but was demolished and replaced in 1873 by the [[United States Customhouse and Post Office (St. Louis, Missouri)|U.S. Customhouse and Post Office]].

Because much of the city's commercial and industrial development was centered along the riverfront, many pre-Civil War buildings were demolished during construction of the Gateway Arch. The city's remaining architectural heritage of the era includes a multi-block district of cobblestone streets and brick and cast-iron warehouses called [[Laclede's Landing]]. Now popular for its restaurants and nightclubs, the district is located north of Gateway Arch along the riverfront. Other industrial buildings from the era include some portions of the [[Anheuser–Busch#St. Louis headquarters and brewery|Anheuser-Busch Brewery]], which date to the 1860s.

St. Louis saw a vast expansion in variety and number of religious buildings during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The largest and most ornate of these is the [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis]], designed by [[Thomas P. Barnett]] and constructed between 1907 and 1914 in the [[Neo-Byzantine]] style. The St. Louis Cathedral, as it is known, has one of the largest mosaic collections in the world. Another landmark in religious architecture of St. Louis is the [[St. Stanislaus Kostka Church (St. Louis, Missouri)|St. Stanislaus Kostka]], which is an example of the [[Polish Cathedral style]]. Among the other major designs of the period were [[St. Alphonsus Catholic Church, St. Louis|St. Alphonsus Liguori]] (known as ''The Rock Church'') (1867) in the Gothic Revival and [[Second Presbyterian Church (St. Louis, Missouri)|Second Presbyterian Church of St. Louis]] (1900) in [[Richardsonian Romanesque]].

By the [[United States Census, 1900|1900 census]], St. Louis was the fourth largest city in the country. In 1904, the city hosted a [[world's fair]] at [[Forest Park (St. Louis, Missouri)|Forest Park]] called the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]]. Its architectural legacy is somewhat scattered. Among the fair-related cultural institutions in the park are the [[Saint Louis Art Museum|St. Louis Art Museum]] designed by [[Cass Gilbert]], part of the remaining lagoon at the foot of Art Hill, and the Flight Cage at the [[St. Louis Zoo]]. The [[Missouri History Museum]] was built afterward, with the profit from the fair. But 1904 left other assets to the city, like [[Theodore Link]]'s 1894 [[St. Louis Union Station]], and an improved Forest Park.

[[One US Bank Plaza]], the local headquarters for [[US Bancorp]], was constructed in 1976 in the [[structural expressionist]] style. Several notable [[Postmodern architecture|postmodern]] commercial skyscrapers were built downtown in the 1970s and 1980s, including the [[909 Chestnut Street|former AT&T building at 909 Chestnut Street]] (1986), and [[One Metropolitan Square]] (1989), which is the tallest building in St. Louis.

During the 1990s, St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area, the [[Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse]](2000). The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri]] and the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit]]. The most recent high-rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers: [[One Hundred Above the Park|One Hundred]] in the Central West End neighborhood and [[Ballpark Village (St. Louis)|One Cardinal Way]] in the Downtown neighborhood.

===Neighborhoods===
{{Further|Neighborhoods of St. Louis}}
[[File:LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg|thumb|[[Second Empire style]] houses are in [[Lafayette Square, St. Louis|Lafayette Square]].]]
[[File:Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg|thumb|The [[Delmar Loop]] is a neighborhood close to [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]], bordering the city and [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]].|alt=]]
The city is divided into 79 officially-recognized neighborhoods.<ref>[http://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/public-safety/neighborhood-stabilization-office/neighborhoods/index.cfm Neighborhoods of the City of St. Louis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512222340/http://stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/public-safety/neighborhood-stabilization-office/neighborhoods/index.cfm |date=May 12, 2012}}, StLouis-mo.gov</ref>

===Topography===
[[File:St Louis Rivers.png|thumb|Rivers in the St. Louis area]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], St. Louis has a total area of {{convert|66|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|62|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|4.1|sqmi}} (6.2%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_29.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 20, 2014|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021170230/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_29.txt|archive-date=October 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The city is built on [[Hill|bluffs]] and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the [[Midwestern United States]] just south of the [[Missouri River|Missouri]]-Mississippi [[confluence]]. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.

[[Limestone]] and [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] of the [[Mississippian age|Mississippian]] [[geologic time scale|epoch]] underlie the area, and parts of the city are [[karst]] in nature. This is particularly true of the area south of downtown, which has numerous sinkholes and caves. Most of the caves in the city have been sealed, but many springs are visible along the riverfront. Coal, brick [[clay]], and [[millerite]] ore were once mined in the city. The predominant surface rock, known as ''St. Louis limestone'', is used as [[dimension stone]] and rubble for construction.

Near the southern boundary of the city of St. Louis (separating it from [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]]) is the [[River des Peres]], practically the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground.<ref>[http://www.rftstl.com/2000-12-06/news/a-sewer-runs-through-it/ St. Louis – News – A Sewer Runs Through It<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311021411/http://www.rftstl.com/2000-12-06/news/a-sewer-runs-through-it/ |date=March 11, 2007}}.</ref> Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the [[Great Flood of 1993]].

The city's eastern boundary is the Mississippi River, which separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County, except for a few areas where the river has changed its course. The [[Meramec River]] forms most of its southern line.

===Climate===
{{Further|Geography of St. Louis#Climate}}
[[File:The Captains' Return statue and Eads Bridge.JPG|thumb|The Captains' Return statue was inundated by the Mississippi River, 2010.]]
The urban area of St. Louis has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''); however, its [[Greater St. Louis|metropolitan region]] even to the south may present a hot-summer [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa''), which shows the effect of the [[urban heat island]] in the city. The city experiences hot, humid summers and chilly to cold winters. It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The average annual temperature recorded at nearby [[Lambert–St. Louis International Airport]], is {{convert|57.4|°F|1}}. {{convert|100|and|0|°F|0}} temperatures can be seen on an average 3 and 1 days per year, respectively. Precipitation averages {{convert|41.70|in|mm|sigfig=2}}, but has ranged from {{convert|20.59|in|mm|abbr=on}} in 1953 to {{convert|61.24|in|mm|abbr=on}} in 2015. The highest recorded temperature in St. Louis was {{cvt|115|°F}} on July 14, 1954, and the lowest was {{cvt|-22|°F}} on January 5, 1884.

St. Louis experiences [[thunderstorm]]s 48 days a year on average.<ref name="weatherbase">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=43427&refer=&units=us |title=Historical Weather for St. Louis, Missouri |access-date=October 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916194311/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=43427&refer=&units=us |archive-date=September 16, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large [[hail]] and tornadoes. Lying within the hotbed of [[Tornado Alley]], St. Louis is one of the most frequently tornado-struck metropolitan areas in the U.S. and has an extensive history of [[St. Louis tornado history|damaging tornadoes]]. Severe flooding, such as the [[Great Flood of 1993]], may occur in spring and summer; the (often rapid) melting of thick snow cover upstream on the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers can contribute to springtime flooding.

<div style="width:100%;">{{St. Louis weatherbox}}</div>

===Flora and fauna===
[[File:Tower Grove Park Scene 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tower Grove Park]] in spring]]
[[File:Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG|thumb|The [[Missouri Botanical Garden]]]]
Before the founding of the city, the area was mostly prairie and open forest. Native Americans maintained this environment, good for hunting, by burning underbrush. Trees are mainly [[oak]], [[maple]], and [[hickory]], similar to the forests of the nearby [[The Ozarks|Ozarks]]; common understory trees include [[eastern redbud]], [[serviceberry]], and [[flowering dogwood]]. [[Riparian]] areas are forested with mainly [[American sycamore]].

Most of the residential areas of the city are planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the eastern woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found. The most notable invasive species is [[Japanese honeysuckle]], which officials are trying to manage because of its damage to native trees. It is removed from some parks.

Wildlife includes urbanized [[coyote]]s, [[white-tailed deer]], [[eastern gray squirrel]], [[cottontail rabbit]], and the nocturnal [[Virginia opossum]]. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include [[Canada goose]], [[mallard duck]], and [[shorebird]]s, including the [[great egret]] and [[great blue heron]]. [[Gull]]s are common along the Mississippi River; these species follow [[barge]] traffic.

Winter populations of [[bald eagle]]s are along the Mississippi River around the [[Chain of Rocks Bridge]]. The city is on the [[Mississippi Flyway]], used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern U.S. The [[Eurasian tree sparrow]], an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. The city has special sites for birdwatching of migratory species, including [[Tower Grove Park]].

Common frog species include the [[American toad]] and species of chorus frogs called [[spring peeper]]s, which are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of [[cicada]]s or [[ladybug]]s. Mosquitoes, [[no-see-ums]], and houseflies are common insect nuisances, especially in July and August; because of this, windows are almost always fitted with screens. Invasive populations of [[Western honey bee|honeybees]] have declined in recent years. Numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche, and [[armadillos]] are throughout the St. Louis area.<ref>[http://herald-review.com/news/local/armadillos-finding-st-louis-and-surrounding-area-nice-place-to/article_3b52d19c-433c-53f0-a823-3da7776924ab.html "Warmer weather attracting Armadillos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131030095930/http://herald-review.com/news/local/armadillos-finding-st-louis-and-surrounding-area-nice-place-to/article_3b52d19c-433c-53f0-a823-3da7776924ab.html |date=October 30, 2013}}, accessed October 28, 2013</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1810= 1600
|1830= 4977
|1840= 16469
|1850= 77860
|1860= 160773
|1870= 310864
|1880= 350518
|1890= 451770
|1900= 575238
|1910= 687029
|1920= 772897
|1930= 821960
|1940= 816048
|1950= 856796
|1960= 750026
|1970= 622236
|1980= 453805
|1990= 396685
|2000= 348189
|2010= 319294
|2020= 301578
|estyear=2023
|estimate=281754
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html|date=September 20, 2022|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 7, 2022|archive-date=July 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2016|archive-date=May 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507121432/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br>2020 Census<ref name="2020 Census (City)" />
}}
[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010 St. Louis.png|thumb|left|Map of racial distribution in St. Louis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]]
[[File:Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pruitt–Igoe]] was a large housing project constructed in 1954, which became infamous for poverty, crime and segregation. It was demolished in 1972.]]
St. Louis grew slowly until the American Civil War, when industrialization and immigration sparked a boom. Mid-19th century immigrants included many Irish and Germans; later there were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. In the early 20th century, African American and white migrants came from the South; the former as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] out of rural areas of the Deep South. Many came from Mississippi and Arkansas. Italians, Serbians, Lebanese, Syrians, and Greeks settled in St. Louis by the late 19th-Century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/visit-play/stlouis-history.cfm|title=A Brief History of St. Louis|access-date=July 26, 2023|archive-date=July 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726081313/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/visit-play/stlouis-history.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref>

After years of immigration, migration, and expansion, the city reached its peak population in 1950. That year, the Census Bureau reported St. Louis's population as 82% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|White]] and 17.9% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|African American]].<ref name="census1">{{cite web|title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> After World War II, St. Louis began losing population to the suburbs, first because of increased demand for new housing, unhappiness with city services, ease of commuting by highways, and later, [[white flight]].<ref name="historical populations">{{cite web|last=Gibson |first=Campbell |title=Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |date=June 1998 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html |access-date=December 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314031958/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html |archive-date=March 14, 2007}}</ref> St. Louis's population decline has resulted in a significant increase of abandoned residential housing units and vacant lots throughout the city proper; this blight has attracted much wildlife (such as deer and coyotes) to the many abandoned overgrown lots.
[[File:Ethnic Origins in St. Louis, MO.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in St. Louis]]
St. Louis has lost 64.0% of its population <!-- 308,626 est. 2017 --> since the [[1950 United States census]]. [[Detroit]], Michigan, and [[Youngstown, Ohio]], are the only other cities that have had population declines of at least 60% in the same time frame. The population of the city of St. Louis has been in decline since the 1950 census; during this period the population of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, which includes more than one county, has grown every year and continues to do so. A big factor in the decline has been the rapid increase in suburbanization.

According to the [[2010 United States census]], St. Louis had 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was {{convert|5,158.2|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people}}. About 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was about 34 years.

The African-American population is concentrated in the north side of the city (the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0% black, compared with 35.0% in the central corridor and 26.0% in the south side of St. Louis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov/census/corridor.cfm|title=Census|website=Dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724040727/http://dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov/census/corridor.cfm|archive-date=July 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>). Among the Asian-American population in the city, the largest ethnic group is [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]] (0.9%), followed by [[Chinese American|Chinese]] (0.6%) and [[Indian American|Indian]]s (0.5%). The Vietnamese community has concentrated in the [[Dutchtown, St. Louis|Dutchtown]] neighborhood of south St. Louis; Chinese are concentrated in the [[Central West End, St. Louis|Central West End]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|website=United States Census|access-date=October 5, 2018|archive-date=December 27, 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> People of [[Mexican American|Mexican]] descent are the largest Latino group, and make up 2.2% of St. Louis's population. They have the highest concentration in the Dutchtown, [[Benton Park West, St. Louis|Benton Park West]] (Cherokee Street), and [[Gravois Park, St. Louis|Gravois Park]] neighborhoods.<ref name="censusus">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3&prodType=table |title=Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010 |publisher=United States Census |access-date=October 8, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> People of [[Italian American|Italian]] descent are concentrated in [[The Hill, St. Louis|The Hill]].

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106; females, $26,987. Per capita income was $18,108.

Some 19% of the city's [[housing unit]]s were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent.

In 2010, St. Louis's per-capita rates of online charitable donations and volunteerism were among the highest among major U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Druart |first=T. |title=Convio ranks most generous online cities |publisher=convio |date=February 2010 |url=http://www.convio.com/convio/news/releases/convio-ranks-generous-cities-2009.html |access-date=August 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927015722/http://www.convio.com/convio/news/releases/convio-ranks-generous-cities-2009.html |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{as of|2010}}, 91.05% (270,934) of St. Louis city residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a [[primary language]], while 2.86% (8,516) spoke Spanish, 0.91% (2,713) Serbo-Croatian, 0.74% (2,200) Vietnamese, 0.50% (1,495) African languages, 0.50% (1,481) Chinese, and French was spoken as a [[main language]] by 0.45% (1,341) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.95% (26,628) of St. Louis's population age 5 and older spoke a [[mother language]] other than English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |title=St. Louis (city) County, Missouri |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |access-date=August 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815140430/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archive-date=August 15, 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Historical racial composition  !! 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/st-louis-city-missouri/050-29510/|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=November 23, 2021|title=2020 Census Results|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123105438/https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/st-louis-city-missouri/050-29510/|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/2965000.html |title=St. Louis (city), Missouri |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203020207/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/2965000.html |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/2000-census-summary.cfm |title=2000 Census Summary |publisher=City of St. Louis |access-date=March 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403140131/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/2000-census-summary.cfm |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="census1"/> !! 1970<ref name="census1"/> !! 1940<ref name="census1"/> 
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 43.9% || 43.9% || 43.9% || 50.9% || 58.7% || 86.6% 
|-
| —Non-Hispanic || 42.9% || 42.2% || 43.0%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcdc.missouri.edu/cgi-bin/broker?_PROGRAM=websas.dp3_2k.sas&_SERVICE=sasapp&state=29&county=510|title=MCDC Demographic Profile|website=Mcdc.missouri.edu|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305005947/http://mcdc.missouri.edu/cgi-bin/broker?_PROGRAM=websas.dp3_2k.sas&_SERVICE=sasapp&state=29&county=510|archive-date=March 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 50.2% || 57.9%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref>|| 86.4%
|-
| [[African American|Black]] || 43.0% || 49.2% || 51.2% || 47.5% ||  40.9% || 13.3%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 5.1% || 3.5% || 2.0% || 1.3% || 1.0%<ref name="fifteen"/> || 0.2%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 4.1% || 2.9% || 2.0% || 0.9% || 0.2% || (X)
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''St. Louis, Missouri – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br /><small>{{nobold|''Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missouri: 1990 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-27.pdf |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – St. Louis city, Missouri |url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US2965000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web |title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – St. Louis city, Missouri|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US2965000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web |title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – St. Louis city, Missouri |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US2965000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 1990
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|198,956
|142,329
|134,702
|style='background: #ffffe6; |129,368
|50.15%
|42.89%
|42.19%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |42.90%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|187,805
|177,446
|156,389
|style='background: #ffffe6; |128,993
|47.34%
|50.96%
|48.98%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |42.77%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|874
|862
|684
|style='background: #ffffe6; |614
|0.22%
|0.25%
|0.21%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.20%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|3,616
|6,820
|9,233
|style='background: #ffffe6; |12,205
|0.91%
|1.96%
|2.89%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.05%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|N/A
|83
|62
|style='background: #ffffe6; |88
|N/A
|0.02%
|0.02%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Some Other Race]] alone (NH)
|310
|647
|478
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,773
|0.08%
|0.19%
|0.15%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.59%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed Race or Multi-Racial]] (NH)
|N/A
|5,980
|6,616
|style='background: #ffffe6; |13,132
|N/A
|1.72%
|2.07%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.35%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|5,124
|7,022
|11,130
|style='background: #ffffe6; |15,405
|1.29%
|2.02%
|3.49%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |5.11%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''396,685'''
|'''348,189'''
|'''319,294'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''301,578'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

===Bosnian population===
{{see also|History of the Bosnians in St. Louis}}
About fifteen families from Bosnia settled in St. Louis between 1960 and 1970. After the [[Bosnian War]] started in 1992, more Bosnian refugees began arriving and by 2000, tens of thousands of Bosnian refugees settled in St. Louis with the help of Catholic aid societies. Many of them were professionals and skilled workers who had to take any job opportunity to be able to support their families. Most Bosnian refugees are Muslim, ethnically [[Bosniaks]] (87%); they have settled primarily in south St. Louis<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Stefanie|date=2022-01-17|title=St Louis: The US city transformed by heartbreak|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220117-st-louis-the-us-city-transformed-by-heartbreak|access-date=2022-02-04|archive-date=February 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205150213/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220117-st-louis-the-us-city-transformed-by-heartbreak|url-status=live}}</ref> and South County. [[Bosnian-Americans]] are well integrated into the city, developing many businesses and ethnic/cultural organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stlbosnians.com/event/the-bosnian-community-in-st-louis-by-imam-muhamed-hasic/|title=The Bosnian Community in St. Louis by Imam Muhamed Hasic|website=Stlbosnians.com|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912112923/http://www.stlbosnians.com/event/the-bosnian-community-in-st-louis-by-imam-muhamed-hasic/|archive-date=September 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

An estimated 70,000 [[Bosnian American|Bosnians]] live in the metro area, which is tied with [[Bosnians in Chicago|Chicago]] for largest population of Bosnians in the United States and the largest Bosnian population outside their homeland. The highest concentration of Bosnians is in the neighborhood of [[Bevo Mill]] and in [[Affton, Missouri|Affton]], [[Mehlville]], and [[Oakville, Missouri|Oakville]] of south [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gilsinan|first=Kathy|title=Why Are There So Many Bosnians in St. Louis?|url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2013/02/why-are-there-so-many-bosnians-st-louis/4668/|work=The Atlantic Cities|publisher=[[Atlantic Media Company]]|access-date=February 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204738/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2013/02/why-are-there-so-many-bosnians-st-louis/4668/|archive-date=February 17, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://bs.bhaccchicago.org/about-us |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=bhacc |language=en |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141725/https://bs.bhaccchicago.org/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bosnian Muslim [[Romani people]] have also settled in St. Louis.<ref>{{cite book|title=Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays|page=130|isbn=978-1-907396-30-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOycWJwdyLgC&pg=PA130 |last1=Hancock |first1=Ian |date=2010 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press }}</ref>

===Crime===
{{Main|Crime in St. Louis}}
Since 2014 the city of St. Louis has had, {{as of|2017|April|lc=y}}, one of the highest murder rates, per capita, in the United States,<ref>{{cite news|title=Millennials really like St Louis|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21720664-addition-countrys-highest-murder-rate-city-boasts-vibrant-start-up|access-date=April 14, 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=April 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413184035/http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21720664-addition-countrys-highest-murder-rate-city-boasts-vibrant-start-up|archive-date=April 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> with 188 homicides in 2015 (59.3 homicides per 100,000)<ref name="crimerate">{{cite web |url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-6 |title=Crime in the United States, 2015 |publisher=FBI.gov (Uniform Crime Reports) |access-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322171022/https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-6 |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bosman, Julie and Mitch Smith (December 28, 2016). Article comparing Chicago's annual homicide statistics to those of other American cities, including St. Louis, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/us/chicago-murder-rate-gun-deaths.html ''New York Times''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331214442/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/us/chicago-murder-rate-gun-deaths.html |date=March 31, 2017}}</ref> and ranks No. 13 of the most dangerous cities in the world by homicide rate. [[Detroit]], [[Flint, Michigan|Flint]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], and [[Baltimore]] have higher overall violent crime rates than St. Louis, when comparing other crimes such as rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.<ref name=crimerate /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-02|title=NeighborhoodScout's Most Dangerous Cities - 2020|url=https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/blog/top100dangerous|access-date=2020-06-08|website=NeighborhoodScout|language=en-US|archive-date=March 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308110815/https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/blog/top100dangerous|url-status=live}}</ref> These crime rates are high relative to other American cities, but St. Louis [[index crime]] rates have declined almost every year since the peak in 1993 (16,648), to the 2014 level of 7,931 (which is the sum of violent crimes and property crimes) per 100,000. In 2015, the index crime rate reversed the 2005–2014 decline to a level of 8,204. Between 2005 and 2014, violent crime has declined by 20%, although rates of violent crime remains 6 times higher than the [[Crime in the United States|United States national average]] and property crime in the city remains 2 {{frac|1|2}} times the national average.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morganquitno.com/methodology01.htm |title=Methodology |publisher=Morganquitno.com |access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075835/http://www.morganquitno.com/methodology01.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> St. Louis has a higher homicide rate than the rest of the U.S. for both whites and blacks and a higher proportion committed by males. {{as of|2016|October}}, 7 of the homicide suspects were white, 95 black, 0 Hispanic, 0 Asian and 1 female out of the 102 suspects. In 2016, St. Louis was the most dangerous city in the United States with populations of 100,000 or more, ranking 1st in violent crime and 2nd in property crime. It was also ranked 6th of the most dangerous of all establishments in the United States, and East St. Louis, a suburb of the city itself, was ranked 1st.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/|title=2015|website=Ucr.fbi.gov|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830025557/https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015|archive-date=August 30, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slmpd.org/images/Homicide_Stats_for_Website.pdf | publisher=St. Louis Police Department | title=SLMPD 2016 UCR Homicide Analysis |access-date=October 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019003806/http://www.slmpd.org/images/Homicide_Stats_for_Website.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis|St. Louis Police Department]] at the end of 2016 reported a total of 188 murders for the year, the same number of homicides that had occurred in the city in 2015.<ref>Murphy, Doyle (January 3, 2017). [http://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2017/01/03/st-louis-murder-toll-hit-188-in-2016-tying-2015s-unusually-high-number "St. Louis Murder Toll Hit 188 in 2016--Tying 2015's Unusually High Number."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116171953/http://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2017/01/03/st-louis-murder-toll-hit-188-in-2016-tying-2015s-unusually-high-number |date=January 16, 2017}} ''Riverfront Times'' (''RFT''). Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref> According to the STLP At the end of 2017, St. Louis had 205 murders but the city recorded only 159 inside St. Louis city limits.<ref name="2017murders">{{cite web |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/focused-police-presence-in-north-st-louis-better-relationships-with/article_7ba12d3a-ed23-5ecb-b92f-db8c8cc8bb39.html |title=Focused police presence in north St. Louis, better relationships with protesters among new chief's goals |work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |date=January 3, 2018 |access-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206033621/http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/focused-police-presence-in-north-st-louis-better-relationships-with/article_7ba12d3a-ed23-5ecb-b92f-db8c8cc8bb39.html |archive-date=February 6, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>St. Louis Crime tracker-City snapshot, https://graphics.stltoday.com/apps/crime/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211201618/https://graphics.stltoday.com/apps/crime/index.html |date=December 11, 2017}} Retrieved January 30, 2018</ref> The new Chief of Police, [[John Hayden Jr.|John Hayden]] said two-thirds (67%) of all the murders and one-half of all the assaults are concentrated in a triangular area in the North part of the city.<ref name=2017murders />

Yet another factor when comparing the murder rates of St. Louis and other cities is the manner of drawing municipal boundaries. While many other municipalities have annexed many suburbs, St. Louis has not annexed as much suburban area as most American cities. According to a 2018 estimate, the St. Louis metro area included about 3 million residents and the city included about 300,000 residents. Therefore, the city contains about ten percent of the metro population, a low ratio indicating that the municipal boundaries include only a small part of the metro population.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/17/upshot/crime-statistics-south-bend-st-louis-misleading.html |last=Asher |first=Jeff |date=December 17, 2019 |title=South Bend and St. Louis, Where Crime Statistics Can Mislead |access-date=July 14, 2020 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913002557/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/17/upshot/crime-statistics-south-bend-st-louis-misleading.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of St. Louis}}
The [[gross domestic product]] of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022, up from $192.9 billion the previous year.<ref name=":0" /> Greater St. Louis had a GDP per capita of $68,574 in 2021, up 10% from the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |date=2001-01-01 |title=Total Gross Domestic Product for St. Louis, MO-IL (MSA) |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Census Bureau |date=1969-01-01 |title=Resident Population in St Louis, MO-IL (MSA) |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/STLPOP |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> In 2007, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the health care and social service industry with $3.5 billion; professional or technical services with $3.1 billion; and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The health care sector was the area's biggest employer with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs, 24,000; manufacturing, 21,000, and food service, 20,000.<ref name="2007econcensus">2007 Economic Census.</ref>

===Major companies and institutions===
[[File:StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG|thumb|The [[Anheuser-Busch]] packaging plant is in St. Louis.]]
As of 2022, the St. Louis Metropolitan Area is home to seven [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] companies. They include Centene, Emerson Electric, Reinsurance Group of America, Edward Jones, Olin, Graybar Electric, and Ameren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Joey |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Seven St. Louis-area companies named in 2022 Fortune 500 list |url=https://fox2now.com/news/seven-st-louis-area-companies-named-in-2022-fortune-500-list/ |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=FOX 2 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101154831/https://fox2now.com/news/seven-st-louis-area-companies-named-in-2022-fortune-500-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other corporations headquartered in the region include [[Arch Coal]], [[Bunge Limited]], [[Wells Fargo Advisors]] (formerly A.G. Edwards), [[Energizer Holdings]], [[Patriot Coal]], [[Post Foods]], [[United Van Lines]], and [[Mayflower Transit]], [[Post Holdings]], [[Olin Corporation|Olin]], [[Enterprise Holdings]] (a parent company of several [[car rental]] companies). Notable corporations with operations in St. Louis include [[Cassidy Turley]], [[Kerry Group]], [[Mastercard]], TD Ameritrade, [[BMO Harris Bank]], and [[World Wide Technology]].

Health care and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include [[Pfizer]], the [[Donald Danforth Plant Science Center]], the [[Solae Company]], [[Sigma-Aldrich]], and [[Multidata Systems International]]. [[General Motors]] manufactures automobiles in [[Wentzville, Missouri|Wentzville]], while an earlier plant, known as the [[St. Louis Truck Assembly]], built [[GMC (automobile)|GMC]] automobiles from 1920 until 1987. [[Chrysler]] closed its [[Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis Assembly]] production facility in nearby [[Fenton, Missouri]] and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] closed the [[St. Louis Assembly Plant]] in Hazelwood.

Several once-independent pillars of the local economy have been purchased by other corporations. Among them are [[Anheuser-Busch]], purchased by Belgium-based [[InBev]]; [[Missouri Pacific Railroad]], which was headquartered in St. Louis, merged with the [[Omaha, Nebraska]]-based [[Union Pacific Railroad]] in 1982;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.up.com/aboutup/special_trains/heritage/mopac/index.htm|title=Missouri Pacific Railroad|website=Up.com|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817054351/http://www.up.com/aboutup/special_trains/heritage/mopac/index.htm|archive-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[McDonnell Douglas]], whose operations are now part of [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]];<ref>{{cite news |last=Stoller |first=Gary |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/world/iraq/2003-03-23-jdam_x.htm |title=JDAM smart bombs prove to be accurate and a good buy |work=USA Today |date=March 24, 2003 |access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325002256/http://www.usatoday.com/money/world/iraq/2003-03-23-jdam_x.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Trans World Airlines]], which was headquartered in the city for its last decade of existence, prior to being acquired by [[American Airlines]]; [[Mallinckrodt]], purchased by [[Tyco International]]; and [[Ralston Purina]], now a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Nestlé]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stlrcga.org/x2212.xml |title=Ratings and Rankings – Area Companies |publisher=Stlrcga.org |access-date=March 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129211233/http://stlrcga.org/x2212.xml |archive-date=November 29, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The [[May Department Stores Company]] (which owned [[Famous-Barr]] and [[Marshall Field's]] stores) was purchased by [[Federated Department Stores]], which has its regional headquarters in the area. The [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]] in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stlouisfed.org/about%5Fus/ |title=About Us &#124; The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |publisher=St. Louis Fed |access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219214747/http://stlouisfed.org/about%5Fus/ |archive-date=December 19, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the assets of [[Furniture Brands International]] were sold to [[Heritage Home Group]] in 2013, which moved to [[North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/triad/news/2014/04/30/heritage-home-formerly-furniture-brands-moving-hq.html|title=Triad bound? Heritage Home moving HQ to North Carolina|last1=Kirn|first1=Jacob|last2=Acieri|first2=Katie|work=[[Triad Business Journal]]|date=April 30, 2014|access-date=May 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090639/http://www.bizjournals.com/triad/news/2014/04/30/heritage-home-formerly-furniture-brands-moving-hq.html|archive-date=May 31, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/triad/news/2015/05/19/heritage-home-group-names-interim-ceo.html|title=Heritage Home Group names interim CEO|last=Arcieri|first=Katie|work=Triad Business Journal|date=May 19, 2015|access-date=December 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523061431/http://www.bizjournals.com/triad/news/2015/05/19/heritage-home-group-names-interim-ceo.html|archive-date=May 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:JeffersonLake BJC.jpg|thumb|[[Barnes-Jewish Hospital]] is affiliated with the [[Washington University School of Medicine]].|alt=]]
St. Louis is a center of medicine and [[biotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stlrcga.org/x438.xml |title=St. Louis Health Care |publisher=RCGA St. Louis |access-date=May 24, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527143319/http://www.stlrcga.org/x438.xml |archive-date=May 27, 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Washington University School of Medicine]] is affiliated with [[Barnes-Jewish Hospital]], the fifth largest hospital in the world. Both institutions operate the [[Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siteman.wustl.edu/about-us.aspx|title=Siteman Cancer Center, About Us|publisher=Siteman Cancer Center|access-date=May 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512083147/http://www.siteman.wustl.edu/about-us.aspx|archive-date=May 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The School of Medicine also is affiliated with [[St. Louis Children's Hospital]], one of the country's top pediatric hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stlrcga.org/x2208.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106000813/http://www.stlrcga.org/x2208.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |title=Ratings and Rankings |publisher=RCGA St. Louis |access-date=May 24, 2013}}</ref> Both hospitals are owned by [[BJC HealthCare]]. The [[McDonnell Genome Institute]] at Washington University played a major role in the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref>[http://genome.wustl.edu Home – The Genome Institute at Washington University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019135215/https://www.genome.wustl.edu/ |date=October 19, 2019}}. Genome.wustl.edu. Retrieved on August 16, 2013.</ref> [[Saint Louis University]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE; the university ALWAYS is referred to as "Saint Louis University" and is never abbreviated --> Medical School is affiliated with [[SSM Health]]'s [[Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital]] and [[Saint Louis University Hospital]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE; the university ALWAYS is referred to as "Saint Louis University" and is never abbreviated -->. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center, geriatric center, and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, [[Mercy (healthcare organization)|Mercy]], SSM Health Care, and Tenet.

[[Cortex Innovation Community]] in [[Midtown St. Louis|Midtown neighborhood]] is the largest innovation hub in the [[Midwestern United States|midwest]]. Cortex is home to offices of [[Square, Inc.|Square]], [[Microsoft]], [[Aon (company)|Aon]], [[Boeing]], and [[Centene]]. Cortex has generated 3,800 tech jobs in 14 years. Once built out, projections are for it to make $2 billion in development and create 13,000 jobs for the region.<ref name="brookings-stl">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/metropolitan-revolution/2016/05/05/in-st-louis-a-gateway-to-innovation-and-inclusion/ |title=In St. Louis, a gateway to innovation and inclusion |first=Julie |last=Wagner |access-date=18 September 2018 |date=5 May 2016 |work=Brookings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061811/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/metropolitan-revolution/2016/05/05/in-st-louis-a-gateway-to-innovation-and-inclusion/ |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Boeing]] has nearly 15,000 employees in its north St. Louis campus, headquarters to its defense unit. In 2013, the company said it would move about 600 jobs from [[Seattle]], where labor costs have risen, to a new [[information technology|IT]] center in St. Louis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2020963458_boeingitxml.html |first1= Dominic |last1=Gates |title=Boeing to shed 1,500 IT jobs here over next three years |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=May 10, 2013 |access-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513183538/http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2020963458_boeingitxml.html |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/boeing-s-shift-to-st-louis-reflects-broader-shifts-in/article_bc7ea6d2-cf1b-5027-bc2f-ec3c578f6e08.html |url-access=subscription |last1=tlogan |title=Boeing's shift to St. Louis reflects broader shifts in local economy |work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=October 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105201312/http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/boeing-s-shift-to-st-louis-reflects-broader-shifts-in/article_bc7ea6d2-cf1b-5027-bc2f-ec3c578f6e08.html |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>  Other companies, such as [[LaunchCode]] and LockerDome, think the city could become the next major tech hub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2014/01/launch_code_program_apprentice_terrence_bowen.php|title=Launch Code: How 42 "Unqualified" People Landed Dream Tech Jobs in St. Louis|website=Daily RFT |publisher=Riverfront Times |first1= Lindsay |last1=Toler |date=Jan 22, 2014  |access-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613041604/http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2014/01/launch_code_program_apprentice_terrence_bowen.php|archive-date=June 13, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>  Programs such as [[Arch Grants]] are attracting new startups to the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/02/21/arch-grants/|title=Arch Grants Raises $2.5M To Turn St. Louis Into A Startup Hub; Square Co-founder Signs On|first=Rip|last=Empson|website=TechCrunch |date=February 21, 2012 |access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709221309/https://techcrunch.com/2012/02/21/arch-grants/|archive-date=July 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the ''[[St. Louis Business Journal]]'', the top employers in the St. Louis metropolitan area {{as of|2021|April|1|lc=y}}, are:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Maddy |date=August 31, 2022 |title=St. Louis' largest employers |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/subscriber-only/2022/04/01/st-louis-largest-employers.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=St. Louis Business Journal  |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414120218/https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/subscriber-only/2022/04/01/st-louis-largest-employers.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of employees
|-
|1
| [[BJC HealthCare|BJC Health Care]]
|29,595
|-
|2
| [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]]
|18,805
|-
|3
| [[Mercy (healthcare organization)|Mercy]]
|15,410
|-
|4
| [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]
|14,865
|-
|5
| [[SSM Health]]
|14,600
|-
<!--  old numbers and ranks from June 2013
|4
| [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]
|15,000
|-
|5
| [[Scott Air Force Base]]
|13,000
|-
|8
| [[Schnucks|Schnuck Markets]]
|10,919
-->
|}

According to St. Louis's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (June 30),<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 13, 2023|title=Office of the Comptroller 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (ACFR) |website=City of St. Louis, MO |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/comptroller/documents/2022-comprehensive-annual-financial-report.cfm|access-date=August 26, 2023|archive-date=August 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827001242/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/comptroller/documents/2022-comprehensive-annual-financial-report.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> the top employers in the city only are (representing 82,481 people, or 18.74% of the city's total employment of 440,000):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
|1
| [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]]
|19,380
|-
|2
| [[BJC HealthCare|Barnes Jewish Hospital]]
|18,920
|-
|3
| [[Saint Louis University]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE; the university ALWAYS is referred to as "Saint Louis University" and is never abbreviated --&gt; comment, 2022-01-06: Not always in full; it is abbreviated in the city's financial report. If there is an issue, please take it up with the report creators -->
| 9,152
|-
|4
| City of St. Louis
| 7,033
|-
|5
| [[Defense Finance and Accounting Service]]
| 6,051
|-
|6
| [[Wells Fargo Advisors]]
| 5,801
|-
|7
| [[United States Postal Service|US Postal Service]]
| 4,960
|-
|8
| [[St. Louis Public Schools|St. Louis Board of Education]]
| 4,131
|-
|9
| [[SSM Health|SSM SLUH]]
| 3,983
|-
|9
| State of Missouri
| 3,259
<!--
| [[AT&T|AT&T Services]]
| 4,016
|-  -->
|}
<!--
|-
|11
| [[Anheuser-Busch InBev|Anheuser-Busch, Inc.]]
| 3,701 in 2011 -->

==Arts and culture==
[[File:Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_(St._Louis,_MO)_-_exterior,_quarter_view_2.jpg|thumb|The [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis]]]]
{{Main|Culture of St. Louis}}
{{see also|Cuisine of St. Louis|List of museums in St. Louis}}
The same year as the 1904 [[World's Fair]], the Strassberger Music Conservatory Building was constructed at 2300 Grand. Otto Wilhelmi was the architect. In 1911, the conservatory had over 1,100 students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Strassberger Music Conservatory Building - City Landmark #83 |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/cultural-resources/city-landmarks/old-strassberger-music-conservatory-building.cfm |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=stlouis-mo.gov |language=en |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901002916/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/cultural-resources/city-landmarks/old-strassberger-music-conservatory-building.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>  The building is presently in the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strassberger's Conservatory |url=https://mostateparks.com/sites/mostateparks/files/Strassberger%27s%20Conservatory.pdf |website=Missouri State Parks |access-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901002908/https://mostateparks.com/sites/mostateparks/files/Strassberger%27s%20Conservatory.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A well known graduate was [[Alfonso D'Artega]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Alfonso D'Artega |date=2023-08-28 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_D%27Artega&oldid=1172682090 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-09-01 |language=en |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120002747/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_D%27Artega&oldid=1172682090 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With its French past and waves of Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, from Ireland, Germany and Italy, St. Louis is a major center of [[Roman Catholicism in the United States]]. St. Louis also boasts the largest [[Ethical Society|Ethical Culture Society]] in the United States and is one of the most generous cities in the United States, ranking ninth in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=studies.metro.main|title=Charity Navigator - 2015 Metro Market Study|website=Charitynavigator.org|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829184817/https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=studies.metro.main|archive-date=August 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Several places of worship in the city are noteworthy, such as the [[Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis|Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis]], home of the world's largest mosaic installation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explorestlouis.com/visit-explore/discover/25-things-to-do-in-st-louis/|title=25 Things to Do in St. Louis|access-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213060248/http://explorestlouis.com/visit-explore/discover/25-things-to-do-in-st-louis/|archive-date=February 13, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg|thumb|The [[Saint Louis Art Museum|St. Louis Art Museum]] is in [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]].]]
Other churches include the [[Basilica of St. Louis, King of France]], the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi River and the oldest church in St. Louis; the [[Saint Louis Abbey|St. Louis Abbey]], whose distinctive architectural style garnered multiple awards at the time of its completion in 1962; and [[St. Francis de Sales Church (St. Louis)|St. Francis de Sales Oratory]], a [[neo-Gothic]] church completed in 1908 in South St. Louis and the second largest church in the city.

The city is identified with music and the performing arts, especially [[blues]], [[jazz]], and [[ragtime]]. The [[Saint Louis Symphony|St. Louis Symphony]] is the second oldest [[symphony orchestra]] in the United States. Until 2010, it was also home to [[KFUO-FM]], one of the oldest classical music FM radio stations west of the Mississippi River.<ref>The station was sold by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod for $18 million, funded in part through a donation by then-St. Louis Cardinals star [[Albert Pujols]], and converted to [[contemporary Christian music]].[https://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/civil-religion/deidre-pujols-sounds-off-on-christian-radio/article_72a3db58-2521-11e1-91c2-0019bb30f31a.html Deidre Pujols sounds off on Christian radio, STLtoday.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822041408/http://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/civil-religion/deidre-pujols-sounds-off-on-christian-radio/article_72a3db58-2521-11e1-91c2-0019bb30f31a.html |date=August 22, 2014}}, December 12, 2011</ref> [[Opera Theatre of Saint Louis|Opera Theatre of St. Louis]] has been called "one of America's best summer festivals" by the ''Washington Post''. Former general director Timothy O'Leary was known for drawing the community into discussions of challenging operas. John Adams's "[[The Death of Klinghoffer]]", which touched off protests and controversy when performed by the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in 2014, had no such problems in St. Louis three years before, because the company fostered a citywide discussion, with interfaith dialogues addressing the tough issues of terrorism, religion and the nature of evil that the opera brings up. St. Louis's Jewish Community Relations Council gave O'Leary an award. Under O'Leary, the company—always known for innovative work—gave second chances to other major American operas, such as John Corigliano's "[[The Ghosts of Versailles]]", presented in 2009 in a smaller-scale version.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/washington-national-opera-lands-a-star-timothy-oleary-to-become-general-director/2017/09/22/af27e7e6-9f95-11e7-8ed4-a750b67c552b_story.html |title=Washington National Opera lands a star: Timothy O'Leary to become general director - the Washington Post |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022172109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/washington-national-opera-lands-a-star-timothy-oleary-to-become-general-director/2017/09/22/af27e7e6-9f95-11e7-8ed4-a750b67c552b_story.html |archive-date=October 22, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Gateway Arch]] anchors downtown St. Louis and a historic center that includes: the Federal courthouse where the [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|Dred Scott case]] was first argued, an expanded public library, major churches and businesses, and retail. An increasing downtown residential population has taken to adapted office buildings and other historic structures. In nearby [[University City, Missouri|University City]] is the [[Delmar Loop]], ranked by the [[American Planning Association]] as a "great American street" for its variety of shops and restaurants, and the Tivoli Theater, all within walking distance.

Unique city and regional cuisine reflecting various immigrant groups include [[toasted ravioli]], [[gooey butter cake]], [[provel cheese]], the [[Slinger (dish)|slinger]], the [[Gerber sandwich]], and the [[St. Paul sandwich]]. Some St. Louis chefs have begun emphasizing use of local produce, meats and fish, and neighborhood farmers' markets have become more popular. Artisan bakeries, salumeria, and chocolatiers also operate in the city.

[[St. Louis-style pizza]] has thin crust, provel cheese, and is cut in small squares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imospizza.com|title=Imo's Pizza - The Square Beyond Compare|website=Imospizza.com|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825043950/https://www.imospizza.com/|archive-date=August 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Frozen-custard purveyor [[Ted Drewes]] offers its "Concrete": frozen custard blended with any combination of dozens of ingredients into a mixture so thick that a spoon inserted into the custard does not fall if the cup is inverted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teddrewes.com/home/default.aspx |title=Ted Drewes Frozen Custard - Home |access-date=March 4, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208055816/http://teddrewes.com/home/default.aspx |archive-date=February 8, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{main|Sports in St. Louis}}
{{see also|Soccer in St. Louis}}
St. Louis hosts the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] of [[Major League Baseball]] and the [[St. Louis Blues]] of the [[National Hockey League]]. In 2019, it became the eighth North American city to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL) when the Blues won the Stanley Cup championship. It has collegiate-level soccer teams and is one of three American cities to have hosted the [[1904 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]]. A third major team, the [[St. Louis City SC]] of [[Major League Soccer]], began play in 2023.

===Professional sports===
Pro teams in the St. Louis area include:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club !! Sport !! First season !! League !! Venue
|-
|[[St. Louis Cardinals]]
|[[Baseball]]
|1882
|[[Major League Baseball]]
|[[Busch Stadium]]
|-
|[[St. Louis Blues]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|1967
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[Enterprise Center]]
|-
|[[St. Louis City SC]]
|[[Association football|Soccer]]
|2023
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|[[Energizer Park]]
|-
|[[St. Louis BattleHawks]]
|[[American football]]
|2020
|[[United Football League (2024)|United Football League]]
|[[The Dome at America's Center]]
|-
|[[St. Louis City SC 2]]
|[[Association football|Soccer]]
|2022
|[[MLS Next Pro]]
|[[Energizer Park]]
|-
|[[Gateway Grizzlies]]
|[[Baseball]]
|2001
|[[Frontier League]]
|[[Grizzlies Ballpark]]
|-
|[[St. Louis Ambush (2013)|St. Louis Ambush]]
|[[Indoor Soccer]]
|2013
|[[Major Arena Soccer League]]
|[[Family Arena]]
|}
[[File:Busch Stadium 2022.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Busch Stadium]] is in downtown St. Louis.]]
The [[St. Louis Cardinals]] are one of the most successful franchises in [[Major League Baseball]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/cardinals/history/timeline|title=St Louis Cardinals Franchise Timeline|website=[[St Louis Cardinals]]|access-date=March 1, 2022|archive-date=March 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302013549/https://www.mlb.com/cardinals/history/timeline|url-status=live}}</ref> The Cardinals have won 19 [[National League (baseball)|National League]] (NL) titles (the [[List of National League pennant winners|most pennants for the league franchise in one city]]) and 11 [[World Series]] titles (second to the [[New York Yankees]] and the most by any NL franchise), recently in [[2011 World Series|2011]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/cardinals/history/postseason-results|title=St Louis Cardinals Postseason results|website=[[St Louis Cardinals]]|access-date=March 1, 2022|archive-date=March 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302013911/https://www.mlb.com/cardinals/history/postseason-results|url-status=live}}</ref> They play at [[Busch Stadium]]. Previously, the [[History of the St. Louis Browns|St. Louis Browns]] played in the [[American League]] (AL) from 1902 to 1953, before moving to [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]] to become the current incarnation of the [[Baltimore Orioles|Orioles]]. The [[1944 World Series]] was an all-St. Louis World Series, matching up the St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Browns at [[Sportsman's Park]], won by the Cardinals in six games. It was the third and final time that the teams shared a home field. St. Louis also was home to the [[St. Louis Stars (baseball)]], also known as the St. Louis Giants from 1906 to 1921, who played in the [[Negro league baseball]] from 1920 to 1931 and won championships in 1928, 1930, and 1931, and the [[St. Louis Maroons/Indianapolis Hoosiers|St. Louis Maroons]] who played in the [[Union Association]] in 1884 and in the [[National League (baseball)|National League]] from 1885 to 1889. In 1884, The St. Louis Maroons won the Union Association pennant and started the season with 20 straight wins, a feat that was not surpassed by any major professional sports team in the United States until the [[2015-16 Golden State Warriors season]] when they started their NBA season with 24 straight wins.

[[File:St. Louis blues home enterprise center.jpg|thumb|The [[Enterprise Center]] is in downtown St. Louis.]]
The [[St. Louis Blues]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) play at the [[Enterprise Center]]. They were one of the six teams added to the NHL in the [[1967 NHL expansion|1967 expansion]]. The Blues went to the Stanley Cup finals in their first three years, but got swept every time. Although they were the first 1967 expansion team to make the Stanley Cup Finals, they were also the last of the 1967 expansion teams to win the Stanley Cup. They finally won their first [[Stanley Cup]] in [[2019 Stanley Cup Finals|2019]] after beating the [[Boston Bruins]] in the final. This championship made St. Louis the eighth city to win a championship in each of the four major U.S. sports. Prior to the Blues, the city was home to the [[St. Louis Eagles]]. The team played in the 1934–35 season.

St. Louis has been home to four [[National Football League]] (NFL) teams. The [[St. Louis All-Stars]] played in the city in 1923, the [[St. Louis Gunners]] in 1934, the [[History of the St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)|St. Louis Cardinals]] from 1960 to 1987, and the [[History of the St. Louis Rams|St. Louis Rams]] from 1995 to 2015. The football [[Arizona Cardinals|Cardinals]] advanced to the [[National Football League playoffs|NFL playoffs]] four times (1964, 1974, 1975 and 1982), never hosting in any appearance. They did, however, win the [[Playoff Bowl|1964 Playoff Bowl]] for third place against the Green Bay Packers by a score of 24–17. The Cardinals moved to [[Phoenix, Arizona]], in 1988. The [[Los Angeles Rams|Rams]] played at the [[The Dome at America's Center|Edward Jones Dome]] from 1995 to 2015 and won [[Super Bowl XXXIV]] in 2000. They also went to [[Super Bowl XXXVI]] but lost to the [[New England Patriots]]. The Rams then returned to [[Los Angeles]] in 2016.

The [[Atlanta Hawks|St. Louis Hawks]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) played at [[Kiel Auditorium]] from 1955 to 1968. They won the [[List of NBA champions|NBA championship]] in [[1958 NBA Finals|1958]] and played in three other [[NBA Finals]]: [[1957 NBA Finals|1957]], [[1960 NBA Finals|1960]], and [[1961 NBA Finals|1961]]. In 1968 the Hawks moved to [[Atlanta]]. St. Louis was also the home to the [[St. Louis Bombers]] of the [[Basketball Association of America]] from 1946 to 1949 and the [[National Basketball Association]] from 1949 to 1950 and the [[Spirits of St. Louis]] of the [[American Basketball Association]] from 1974 to 1976 when the ABA and NBA merged.

[[File:City Park, Saint Louis.jpg|alt=CityPark - St. Louis CITY SC|thumb|[[Energizer Park]] is in downtown St. Louis.]]
[[Major League Soccer]]'s [[St. Louis City SC]] began play in 2023 at [[Energizer Park]]. Their [[MLS Next Pro]] affiliate is [[St. Louis City SC 2]], which began play in 2022 and also plays at Energizer Park. Formerly, [[USL Championship]]'s [[Saint Louis FC]] played in the area from 2015 to 2020 at [[World Wide Technology Soccer Park]].

The [[St. Louis BattleHawks]] of the [[XFL (2020)|XFL]] began play in 2020, using [[The Dome at America's Center]] as their home field. After a two-year hiatus of the league, the Battlehawks returned in 2023, when the XFL resumed play.

St. Louis hosts several minor league sports teams. The [[Gateway Grizzlies]] of the independent [[Frontier League]] play in the area in [[Grizzlies Ballpark|Sauget, IL]]. The [[St. Louis Trotters]] of the [[Independent Basketball Association]] play at Matthews-Dickey Boys and Girls Club. The [[St. Louis Ambush (2013)|St. Louis Ambush]] indoor soccer team plays in nearby [[St. Charles, Missouri|St. Charles]] at the [[Family Arena]] as a part of the [[Major Arena Soccer League]]. The [[St. Louis Slam]] play in the [[Women's Football Alliance]] at [[Harlen C. Hunter Stadium]].

The region hosts [[INDYCAR]], [[NHRA]] [[drag racing]], and [[NASCAR]] events at [[World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway]] in [[Madison, Illinois]]. [[Thoroughbred]] [[flat racing]] events are hosted at [[Fairmount Park Racetrack]] near [[Collinsville, Illinois]].

===Amateur sports===
St. Louis has hosted the [[Final Four]] of both the women's and men's [[college basketball]] [[NCAA Division I]] championship tournaments, and the [[Frozen Four]] collegiate ice hockey tournament. [[Saint Louis University]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE; the university ALWAYS is referred to as "Saint Louis University" and is never abbreviated --> has won 10 NCAA men's soccer championships, and the city has hosted the [[NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship|College Cup]] several times. In addition to collegiate soccer, many St. Louisans have played for the [[United States men's national soccer team]], and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the [[National Soccer Hall of Fame]]. St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of [[corkball]], a type of baseball in which there is no base running.

Although the area does not have a [[National Basketball Association]] team, it hosts the St. Louis Phoenix, an [[American Basketball Association (2000–present)|American Basketball Association]] team.

[[Club Atletico Saint Louis]], a semi-professional soccer team, competes within the [[National Premier Soccer League]] and plays out of [[St. Louis University High School|St. Louis University High School Soccer Stadium]].

===Chess===
[[File:SinquefieldCup2015.jpg|thumb|The [[Sinquefield Cup]] chess tournament is hosted annually in St. Louis.]]
St. Louis is home to the [[Saint Louis Chess Club]] where the [[U.S. Chess Championship]] is held. St. Louisan [[Rex Sinquefield]] founded the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St. Louis (which was renamed as St. Louis Chess Club later)  and moved the [[World Chess Hall of Fame]] to St. Louis in 2011. The [[Sinquefield Cup]] Tournament started at St. Louis in 2013. In 2014 the Sinquefield Cup was the highest-rated chess tournament of all time. Former U.S. Chess Champions [[Fabiano Caruana]] and [[Hikaru Nakamura]] have lived in St. Louis. Former women's chess champion [[Susan Polgar]] also resides in St. Louis.

==Parks and recreation==
{{Main|Parks in St. Louis}}
{{for|parks in the region|Parks in Greater St. Louis}}
[[File:Forest_Park,_St_Louis.jpg|thumb|[[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]] features a variety of attractions, including the [[St. Louis Zoo]], the [[Saint Louis Art Museum|St. Louis Art Museum]], the [[Missouri History Museum]], and the [[St. Louis Science Center]].]]
The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]], located on the western edge of city, is the largest, occupying 1,400 acres of land, making it almost twice as large as [[Central Park]] in New York City.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com" /> The park is home to five major institutions, including the [[Saint Louis Art Museum|St. Louis Art Museum]], the [[St. Louis Zoo]], the [[St. Louis Science Center]], the [[Missouri History Museum]], and [[the Muny]] amphitheatre.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com" /> Another significant park in the city is [[Gateway Arch National Park]], which was known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018 and is located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the {{convert|630|ft|m|adj=mid|0}} tall [[Gateway Arch]], a [[National Memorial (United States)|National Memorial]] designed by noted architect [[Eero Saarinen]] and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the historic park is the [[Old Courthouse (St. Louis)|Old Courthouse]], where the first two trials of ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' were held in 1847 and 1850.

[[File:JewelBox2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Jewel Box (St. Louis)|Jewel Box]] is a greenhouse and event venue in [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]].]]
Other parks include the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]], [[Tower Grove Park]], [[Carondelet Park]], and [[Citygarden]]. The Missouri Botanical Garden, a private garden and botanical research facility, is a National Historic Landmark and one of the oldest botanical gardens in the United States.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com" /> The Garden features 79 acres of horticultural displays from around the world. This includes a Japanese strolling garden, [[Henry Shaw (philanthropist)|Henry Shaw]]'s original 1850 estate home and a geodesic dome called the [[Climatron]].<ref name="huffingtonpost.com" /> Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is [[Tower Grove Park]], a gift to the city by [[Henry Shaw (philanthropist)|Henry Shaw]]. Citygarden is an urban [[sculpture park]] located in downtown St. Louis, with art from [[Fernand Léger]], [[Aristide Maillol]], [[Julian Opie]], [[Tom Otterness]], [[Niki de Saint Phalle]], and [[Mark di Suvero]].<ref>Tim Bryant, "[https://archive.today/20090704020513/http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/building-blocks/uncategorized/2009/07/citygarden-an-immediate-hit-with-visitors/ Citygarden an immediate hit with visitors]." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. July 1, 2009.</ref><ref>[[David Bonetti]], "[https://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/entertainment/stories.nsf/visualarts/story/EFB03D819B8415B7862575E2000ACAB1?OpenDocument Spectacular Citygarden is opening on schedule in St. Louis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701021430/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/entertainment/stories.nsf/visualarts/story/EFB03D819B8415B7862575E2000ACAB1?OpenDocument |date=July 1, 2009}}", ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', June 28, 2009.</ref>  The park is divided into three sections, each of which represent a different theme: river bluffs; flood plains; and urban gardens. Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park, with the 1982 [[Richard Serra]] sculpture ''Twain''.<ref name="serra">[http://stlouis.missouri.org/citygov//parks/parks_div/serra.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623155228/http://stlouis.missouri.org/citygov//parks/parks_div/serra.html|date=June 23, 2011}}</ref>

==Government==
St. Louis is one of the 41 [[Independent city (United States)|independent cities in the U.S.]] that does not legally belong to any [[County (United States)|county]].<ref name="USDoC2001">{{Cite web|url=http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip6-4.htm|title=Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas; Change Notice No. 7|access-date=May 27, 2006|year=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929074056/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip6-4.htm|archive-date=September 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> St. Louis has a strong [[mayor–council government]] with legislative authority and oversight vested in the [[St. Louis Board of Aldermen|Board of Aldermen]] and with executive authority in the [[Mayor of St. Louis|mayor]] and six other elected officials.<ref name="citygovt">{{cite web |url=http://stlouis-mo.gov/government/elected-officials.cfm |title=City of St. Louis Elected Officials |publisher=Stlouis-mo.gov |date=July 8, 2010 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092135/http://stlouis-mo.gov/government/elected-officials.cfm |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected citywide.<ref>[http://stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/aldermen/about/index.cfm Guide to the Board of Aldermen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028005547/http://stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/aldermen/about/index.cfm |date=October 28, 2013}}, StLouis-mo.gov</ref> The 2014 fiscal year budget topped $1 billion for the first time, a 1.9% increase over the $985.2 million budget in 2013.<ref name="2014budget">{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/morning_call/2014/07/citys-budget-tops-1-billion-for-first-time.html |title=City's budget tops $1 billion for first time |work=[[Business Journal]] |date=July 1, 2014 |access-date=July 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714235017/http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/morning_call/2014/07/citys-budget-tops-1-billion-for-first-time.html |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> 238,253 registered voters lived in the city in 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sos.mo.gov/elections/registeredvoters.asp?rvmID=0012 |title=SoS, Missouri – Elections: Registered Voters in Missouri 2012 |publisher=Sos.mo.gov |access-date=November 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025023240/http://www.sos.mo.gov/elections/registeredvoters.asp?rvmID=0012 |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> down from 239,247 in 2010, and 257,442 in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sos.mo.gov/elections/registeredvoters.asp?rvmID=0008 |title=SoS, Missouri – Elections: Registered Voters in Missouri 2008 |publisher=Sos.mo.gov |access-date=April 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116213949/http://www.sos.mo.gov/elections/registeredvoters.asp?rvmID=0008 |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Structure===
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: .46em 0 0 1em"
|-
! Citywide office<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/|title=City of St. Louis Departments|website=Stlouis-mo.gov|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811005650/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/|archive-date=August 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/aldermen/Wards-1-28.cfm |title=Wards and Aldermen |access-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026194115/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/aldermen/Wards-1-28.cfm |url-status=live}}</ref>
!Elected official
|-
|[[Mayor of St. Louis]]
|[[Tishaura Jones]]
|-
|President of the [[St. Louis Board of Aldermen|Board of Aldermen]]
|[[Megan Green]]
|-
|City Comptroller
|Darlene Green
|-
|Recorder of Deeds
|Michael Butler
|-
|Collector of Revenue
|Gregory F.X. Daly
|-
|License Collector
|Mavis T. Thompson
|-
|Treasurer
|Adam Layne
|-
|Circuit Attorney
|Gabe Gore
|-
|City of St. Louis Sheriff
|Vernon Betts
|-
|}
[[File:Tishaura Jones crop.jpg|thumb|St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones in 2017]]
The mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and is responsible for appointing city department heads including; the director of public safety, the director of streets & traffic, the director of health, the director of human services, the director of the airport, the director of parks & recreation, the director of workforce development, the director of the Community Development Agency, the director of economic development, the director of public utilities, the director of the Civil Rights Enforcement Agency, the register, and the assessor, among other department-level or senior administrative positions. The President of the Board of Aldermen is the second highest-ranking official in the city. The President is the presiding officer of the Board of Aldermen which is the legislative branch of government of the city.

Municipal elections in St. Louis are held in odd-numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd-numbered years following the United States presidential election using a top-two [[approval voting]] primary.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schlinkmann |first=Mark |date=2021-03-01 |title=St. Louis mayoral candidates, voters deal with new rules in Tuesday's primary |url=https://www.stltoday.com/life-entertainment/local/wellness/st-louis-mayoral-candidates-voters-deal-with-new-rules-in-tuesday-s-primary/article_4335d64e-7dc2-5f6b-832e-d02edc54477b.html |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |location=St. Louis |access-date=2024-05-24}}</ref> The aldermen representing odd-numbered wards are up for election at the same time as the mayor. The president of the board of aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] mayor since 1949, and the last time a Republican was elected to another citywide office was in the 1970s. {{as of|2015}}, all 28 of the city's aldermen are Democrats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanreviewstl.com/2015/05/first-time-all-28-aldermen-are-democrats/|title=First Time All 28 Aldermen Are Democrats – UrbanReview - ST LOUIS|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616121145/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AN5ob6C_jyuAJ%3Awww.urbanreviewstl.com%2F2015%2F05%2Ffirst-time-all-28-aldermen-are-democrats%2F+&ct=clnk&gl=us|archive-date=June 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Forty-seven individuals have held the office of mayor of St. Louis, four of whom—[[William Carr Lane]], [[John Fletcher Darby]], [[John Wimer]], and [[John How]]—served non-consecutive terms. The most terms served by a mayor was by Lane, who served 8 full terms plus the unexpired term of Darby. The current mayor is [[Tishaura Jones]], who took office April 20, 2021, and is the first African-American woman to hold the post. She succeeded [[Lyda Krewson]], the first female mayor of the city, who retired in 2021 after serving for four years. The longest-serving mayor was [[Francis Slay]], who took office April 17, 2001, and left office April 18, 2017, a total of 16 years and six days over four terms in office. The shortest-serving mayor was [[Arthur Barret]], who died 11 days after taking office.

Although St. Louis separated from St. Louis County in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County, and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the [[St. Louis Zoo]], [[Saint Louis Art Museum|St. Louis Art Museum]] and the [[Missouri Botanical Gardens]]. Similarly, the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County. The Bi-State Development Agency (now known as Metro) runs the region's [[MetroLink (St. Louis)|MetroLink]] light rail system and bus system.

{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname        = St. Louis City Sheriff's Department
| commonname        = 
| abbreviation      = STL-SO
| patch             = 
| badge             = STLCSO.jpg
| patchcaption      = The current patch of the St. Louis City Sheriff's Office
| motto             = Professionalism, Honesty, Integrity, and Courage
| mottotranslated   = 
| formedyear        = 1876
| preceding1        = 
| employees         = 216
| budget            = [[United States dollar|US$]] 9,690,784 [FY 2021]<ref name=StLgovt>{{cite web |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/budget/documents/upload/FY20-AOP-Courts.pdf |title=Public Safety: Annual Operating Plan |publisher=Board of Aldermen |page=3 |date=June 29, 2019 |accessdate=June 29, 2019 |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113010659/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/budget/documents/upload/FY20-AOP-Courts.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| legaljuris        = [[St. Louis, Missouri]]
| governingbody     = [[Missouri Circuit Courts|22nd Judicial Circuit]]
| constitution1     = 
| police            = 
| local             = 
| headquarters      = [[Civil Courts Building]], 10 N Tucker Blvd 8th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63101
| sworntype         = Deputies
| sworn             = 165
| unsworntype       = Corrections and Civilian
| unsworn           = 
| electeetype       = 
| minister1name     = 
| minister1pfo      = 
| minister4name     = 
| minister4pfo      = 
| minister5name     = 
| minister5pfo      = 
| chief1name        = Vernon Betts ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| chief1position    = Sheriff
| chief2name        = 
| chief2position    = 
| chief3name        = 
| chief3position    = 
| chief4name        = 
| chief4position    = 
| chief5name        = 
| chief5position    = 
| chief6name        = 
| chief6position    = 
| parentagency      = [[Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis|Board of Aldermen's Committee on Public Safety]], [[Missouri Circuit Courts|22nd Judicial Circuit]]
| child1agency      = 
| lockuptype        = Justice Center
| lockups           = St. Louis City Justice Center, 200 S. Tucker Blvd, [[St. Louis, Missouri]]
| vehicle1type      = Marked and Unmarked
| vehicles1         = Ford Transport Vans, Chevrolet Transport Vans, Ford Police Interceptor
| boat1type         = 
| boats1            = 
| aircraft1type     = 
| aircraft1         = 0
| aircraft2type     = 
| aircraft2         = 
| animal1type       = 
| animals1          = 
| animal2type       = 
| animals2          = 
| person1name       = 
| person1reason     = 
| person1type       = 
| programme1        = 
| officetype        = 
| officename        = 
| unittype          = Division
| unitname          = {{collapsible list |title=5 | Civil Process Information |Court Information | Land Tax Sales | Conceal and Carry Firearm Permit| Sheriff's Office Events | Eviction Procedures and Policy  | Courtroom Security 
| stationtype = 
| stations = 
| anniversary1  = 
| website = https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/sheriff/index.cfm / Sheriff's Office - City of St. Louis official website]
}}
}}

The City of St. Louis Sheriff's Office (STLSO or STLCSO) primarily provides security services for the courtrooms, and serves court documents and issues gun carry permits. In 2022, it gained the ability to make arrests and traffic stops.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=S |first1=Nicole |last2=ers |title=New certification to allow St. Louis City deputies to make arrests, traffic stops |url=https://www.kmov.com/2022/05/24/new-certification-allow-st-louis-city-deputies-make-arrests-traffic-stops/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=KMOV |date=May 24, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113010653/https://www.kmov.com/2022/05/24/new-certification-allow-st-louis-city-deputies-make-arrests-traffic-stops/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===State and federal government===
{{PresHead|place=St. Louis, Missouri|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|first=David|last=Leip|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=October 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323225526/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/|archive-date=March 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} -->
{{PresRow|2024|Democratic|19,223|93,799|2,259|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|21,474|110,089|2,809|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|20,832|104,235|7,420|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|22,943|118,780|2,343|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|24,662|132,925|1,517|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|27,793|116,133|712|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|24,799|96,557|3,396|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|22,121|91,233|8,649|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|25,441|102,356|19,607|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|40,906|110,076|732|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1984|Democratic|61,020|112,318|0|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1980|Democratic|50,333|113,697|6,721|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|58,367|118,703|2,714|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1972|Democratic|72,402|119,817|0|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|58,252|143,010|19,652|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|59,604|207,958|0|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|101,331|202,319|0|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1956|Democratic|130,045|202,210|0|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1952|Democratic|144,828|235,893|427|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|120,656|220,654|2,460|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|134,411|204,687|821|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|168,165|233,338|948|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|127,887|260,063|8,880|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|123,448|226,338|7,319|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1928|Democratic|161,701|176,428|1,065|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|139,433|95,888|29,276|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|163,280|106,047|13,325|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1916|Republican|83,798|74,059|4,175|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1912|Democratic|46,509|58,845|34,973|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|74,160|60,917|5,473|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1904|Republican|57,547|51,858|6,387|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1900|Republican|60,597|59,931|4,046|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1896|Republican|65,708|50,091|1,197|Missouri}}
{{PresRow|1892|Republican|35,528|34,669|942|Missouri}}
{{PresFoot|1888|Republican|33,656|27,401|1,969|Missouri}}

St. Louis is split between 8 districts in the [[Missouri House of Representatives]]: the 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, and 84th districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/Elections/Maps/StatewideHouseMap(FilingOnly).pdf|title=Statewide House Map|publisher=[[Missouri Secretary of State]]|date=January 21, 2022|access-date=August 9, 2023|archive-date=August 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232028/https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/Elections/Maps/StatewideHouseMap(FilingOnly).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The 5th [[Missouri Senate]] district is entirely within the city, while the 4th is shared with St. Louis County.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/Elections/Maps//2022JRCStatewideSenateDistrictMap.pdf|title=Statewide Senate Map|publisher=[[Missouri Secretary of State]]|date=Mar 15, 2022|accessdate=August 9, 2023|archive-date=March 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011319/https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/Elections//Maps//2022JRCStatewideSenateDistrictMap.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the federal level, St. Louis is the heart of {{ushr|MO|1}}, which also includes part of northern St. Louis County.<ref name="districtmaps">{{cite web |url=http://www.mdn.org/2012/DATA/MAPS/ |title=Missouri's New Congressional District Maps |publisher=Missouri Digital News |access-date=January 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226002316/http://www.mdn.org/2012/DATA/MAPS/ |archive-date=December 26, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1953. The city shifted from Republican voting to a Democratic stronghold at the presidential level since 1928. [[George H. W. Bush]] in 1988 was the most recent Republican to win even a quarter of the city's votes in a presidential election.

The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit]] and the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri]] are based in the [[Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse]] in downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is also home to a [[Federal Reserve System]] branch, the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]]. The [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who We Are |publisher=[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] |date=August 4, 2008 |url=https://www1.nga.mil/About/WhoWeAre/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=January 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226234207/http://www1.nga.mil/ABOUT/WHOWEARE/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=February 26, 2009}}</ref>

The Military Personnel Records Center (NPRC-MPR) located at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis, is a branch of the National Personnel Records Center and is the repository of over 56 million military personnel records and medical records pertaining to retired, discharged, and deceased veterans of the U.S. armed forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/veterans|title=Veterans' Service Records|website=Archives.gov|date=August 15, 2016|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729095003/https://www.archives.gov/veterans|archive-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in St. Louis}}
{{for|education in the region|Education in Greater St. Louis}}

===Colleges and universities===
[[File:WUBrookings.JPG|alt=|thumb|[[Brookings Hall]] is at [[Washington University in St. Louis]].]]
The city is home to three national research universities, [[Washington University in St. Louis]], [[Saint Louis University]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE; the university ALWAYS is referred to as "Saint Louis University" and is never abbreviated -->, as classified under the [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education]]. [[Washington University School of Medicine]] in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. ''U.S. News & World Report'' also ranks the undergraduate school and other graduate schools, such as the [[Washington University School of Law]], in the top 20 in the nation.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/washington-university-in-st-louis-2520 |title=Overview of Washington University in St. Louis |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704014936/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/washington-university-in-st-louis-2520 |url-status=live}}</ref>

St. Louis Metropolitan Region is home to [[St. Louis Community College]]. It is also home to several other four-year colleges & universities, including [[Harris–Stowe State University]], a [[Historically black colleges and universities|historically black]] [[public university]], Fontbonne University, Webster University, Missouri Baptist University, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy (the former Saint Louis College of Pharmacy), Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville (SIUE), and Lindenwood University.

In addition to Catholic theological institutions such as [[Kenrick-Glennon Seminary]] and [[Aquinas Institute of Theology]] sponsored by the [[Dominican Order|Order of Preachers]], St. Louis is home to three [[Protestant]] seminaries: [[Eden Theological Seminary]] of the [[United Church of Christ]], [[Covenant Theological Seminary]] of the [[Presbyterian Church in America]], and [[Concordia Seminary]] of the St. Louis-based [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]].

===Primary and secondary schools===
[[File:SLUH.JPG|thumb|[[St. Louis University High School]] was founded in 1818. Its current building was built in 1924.]]
The [[St. Louis Public Schools]] (SLPS), which covers the entire city,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st29_mo/schooldistrict_maps/c29510_st_louis/DC20SD_C29510.pdf|title=2020 census - school district reference map: St. Louis city, MO|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=July 22, 2022|archive-date=July 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722203746/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st29_mo/schooldistrict_maps/c29510_st_louis/DC20SD_C29510.pdf|url-status=live}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st29_mo/schooldistrict_maps/c29510_st_louis/DC20SD_C29510_SD2MS.txt Text list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722203641/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st29_mo/schooldistrict_maps/c29510_st_louis/DC20SD_C29510_SD2MS.txt |date=July 22, 2022 }}</ref> operate more than 75 schools, attended by more than 25,000 students, including several [[magnet schools]]. SLPS operates under provisional [[accreditation]] from the state of Missouri and is under the governance of a state-appointed [[school board]] called the Special Administrative Board, although a local board continues to exist without legal authority over the district. Since 2000, [[charter schools]] have operated in the city of St. Louis using authorization from Missouri state law. These schools are sponsored by local institutions or corporations and take in students from [[kindergarten]] through high school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slps.org/ |title=Slps.org |publisher=Slps.org |access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501181951/http://www.slps.org/ |archive-date=May 1, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>  In addition, several private schools exist in the city, and the [[Archdiocese of St. Louis]] operates dozens of [[parochial schools]] in the city, including parochial high schools. The city also has several private high schools, including secular, [[The Fulton School|Montessori]], [[Catholic school|Catholic]] and [[Lutheran school]]s. [[St. Louis University High School]] – a Jesuit preparatory high school founded in 1818 – is the oldest secondary educational institution in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sluh.org/about/history|title=Private Catholic School - Chesterfield - History|website=Sluh.org|access-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118043309/https://www.sluh.org/about/history|archive-date=January 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The state-operated K-12 boarding school [[Missouri School for the Blind]] is in St. Louis.

==Media==
{{main|Media in St. Louis}}
[[File:St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG|thumb|The former ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'' building is in downtown St. Louis.]]
[[Greater St. Louis]] commands the 19th-largest [[media market]] in the United States, a position roughly unchanged for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvjobs.com/cgi-bin/markets/market2.cgi|title=Nielsen Media 2010–2011 Local Market Estimates|date=October 1, 2010|work=Nielsen Media Research|publisher=Broadcast Employment Services|access-date=July 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033056/http://tvjobs.com/cgi-bin/markets/market2.cgi|archive-date=August 28, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> All of the major U.S. television networks have affiliates in St. Louis, including [[KTVI]] 2 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]), [[KMOV]] 4 ([[CBS]], with [[MyNetworkTV]] on channel 32.1), [[KSDK]] 5 ([[NBC]]), [[KETC]] 9 ([[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]), [[KPLR-TV]] 11 ([[The CW]]), [[KNLC]] 24 ([[MeTV]]), [[KDNL]] 30 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[WRBU]] 46 ([[Ion Television|Ion]]), and [[WPXS]] 51 [[Daystar Television Network]]. Among the area's most popular radio stations are [[KMOX]] (AM sports and talk, notable as the longtime flagship station for St. Louis Cardinals broadcasts), [[KLOU]] (FM oldies), [[WIL-FM]] (FM country), [[WARH]] (FM adult hits), and [[KSLZ]] (FM Top 40 mainstream).<ref name="arbitron">Arbitron (June 2011).</ref> St. Louis also supports [[public radio]]'s [[KWMU]], an [[NPR]] affiliate, and [[community radio]]'s [[KDHX]]. All-sports stations, such as [[KFNS (AM)|KFNS]] 590 AM "The Fan" and [[WXOS]] "101.1 ESPN" are also popular.  [[KSHE]] 95 FM "Real Rock Radio" has broadcast rock music since November 1967 - longer than any other radio station in the United States.

The ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'' is the region's major newspaper. Others in the region include the ''[[Suburban Journals]]'', which serve parts of St. Louis County, while the primary [[alternative newspaper]] is the ''[[Riverfront Times]]''. Three weeklies serve the African-American community: the ''[[St. Louis Argus]]'', the ''[[St. Louis American]]'', and the ''[[St. Louis Sentinel]]''. ''[[St. Louis Magazine]]'', a monthly magazine, covers topics such as local history, cuisine, and lifestyles, while the weekly ''[[St. Louis Business Journal]]'' provides coverage of regional business news. St. Louis was served by an [[online newspaper]], the ''[[St. Louis Beacon]]'', but that publication merged with [[KWMU]] in 2013.<ref name="beacon">[https://www.stlbeacon.org/#!/coverpage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720014459/http://stlbeacon.org/|date=July 20, 2013}}</ref>

Many books and movies have been written about St. Louis. A few of the most influential and prominent films are ''[[Meet Me in St. Louis]]'' and ''[[American Flyers]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tucker|first1=Justin|title=Top 10 Films Set (or Partially Set) in St. Louis|url=http://insidestl.com/top-10-films-set-or-partially-set-in-st-louis|website=Inside St. Louis|access-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508171915/http://insidestl.com/top-10-films-set-or-partially-set-in-st-louis|archive-date=May 8, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and novels include ''[[The Killing Dance]]'', ''[[Meet Me in St. Louis (novel)|Meet Me in St. Louis]]'', ''[[The Runaway Soul]]'', ''[[The Rose of Old St. Louis (novel)|The Rose of Old St. Louis]]'', and ''[[Circus of the Damned]]''.

Because St. Louis was a prime location for immigrants to move to, much of the early social work depicting immigrant life was based on St. Louis, such as in the book ''[[The Immigrant in St. Louis (book)|The Immigrant in St. Louis]]''.

==Transportation==
{{See also|Transportation in Greater St. Louis}}
[[File:St. Louis, MO.jpg|thumb|[[Interstate 64]] crosses the Mississippi in Downtown St. Louis.]]
[[road transport|Road]], [[rail transport|rail]], [[ship transport|ship]], and [[aviation|air]] transportation modes connect the city with surrounding communities in [[Greater St. Louis]], national transportation networks, and international locations. St. Louis also supports a [[public transportation]] network that includes [[public transport bus service|bus]] and [[light rail]] service.

===Roads and highways===
{{see also|Streets of St. Louis}}
Four [[Interstate Highway System|interstate]] highways connect the city to a larger regional highway system. [[Interstate 70]], an east–west highway, runs from the northwest corner of the city to [[downtown St. Louis]]. The north–south [[Interstate 55]] enters the city at the south near the [[Carondelet, Missouri|Carondelet]] neighborhood and runs toward the center of the city, and both [[Interstate 64]] and [[Interstate 44]] enter the city on the west, running parallel to the east. Two of the four interstates (Interstates 55 and 64) merge south of [[Gateway Arch National Park]] and leave the city on the [[Poplar Street Bridge]] into Illinois, while Interstate 44 terminates at Interstate 70 at its new interchange near N Broadway and Cass Ave. A small portion of the [[Interstate 270 (Missouri–Illinois)|Interstate 270]] outer belt freeway runs through the northern end of the city.

The 563-mile [[Avenue of the Saints]] links St. Louis with [[St. Paul, Minnesota]].

Major roadways include the north–south [[Memorial Drive (St. Louis)|Memorial Drive]], located on the western edge of Gateway Arch National Park and parallel to Interstate 70, the north–south streets of [[Grand Boulevard (St. Louis)|Grand Boulevard]] and [[Jefferson Avenue (St. Louis)|Jefferson Avenue]], both of which run the length of the city, and [[Missouri Route 30|Gravois Road]], which runs from the southeastern portion of the city to downtown and used to be signed as [[U.S. Route 66]]. An east-west roadway that connects the city with surrounding communities is [[Missouri Route 180|Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive]], which carries traffic from the western edge of the city to downtown.

===Metro light rail and subway===
{{Main|MetroLink (St. Louis)|l1=MetroLink}}
[[File:St Louis Metrolink train.jpg|thumb|A [[St. Louis MetroLink]] Red Line train leaves St. Louis Union Station.]]
[[File:University City-Big Bend MetroLink station.jpg|thumb|right|University City-Big Bend Subway Station is along the Blue Line, near Washington University.]]
[[File:MetroLink map Oct2008.svg|frameless|upright=1.9|right]]
The St. Louis metropolitan area is served by MetroLink (known as Metro) and is the 11th-largest light rail system in the country with {{convert|46|mi|abbr=on}} of [[double track]] [[light rail]]. The Red Line and The Blue Line both serve all the stations in the inner city, and branch to different destinations beyond in the suburban areas. Both lines enter the city north of [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]] on the western edge of the city or on the [[Eads Bridge]] in downtown St. Louis to Illinois. All of the system track is in independent right of way, with both surface level and underground subway track in the city. All stations are independent entry, and all platforms are flush-level with trains. Rail service is provided by the [[Bi-State Development Agency]] (also known as Metro), which is funded by a [[sales tax]]es levied in the city and other counties in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrostlouis.org/InsideMetro/QuickFacts/metrolink.asp |title=Metro – Inside MetroLink |publisher=[[Bi-State Development Agency|Metro]] |access-date=October 29, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911065930/http://www.metrostlouis.org/InsideMetro/QuickFacts/metrolink.asp |archive-date=September 11, 2008}}</ref> The [[Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center]] acts as the hub station in the city of St. Louis, linking the city's light rail system, local bus system, passenger rail service, and national bus service. It is located just east of the historic grand [[St. Louis Union Station]].

===Airports===
[[File:Western Perspective of St. Louis Lambert International Airport T1.jpg|alt=|thumb|This control tower and main terminal are at St. Louis Lambert.]]
St. Louis is served by two passenger airports. [[St. Louis Lambert International Airport]], owned and operated by the City of St. Louis, is 11 miles northwest of downtown along highway I-70 between I-170 and I-270 in St. Louis County. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state. In 2016, when the airport had more than 255 daily departures to about 90 domestic and international locations, it served more than 15 million passengers.<ref name="flystl.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.flystl.com|title=Lambert – St. Louis International Airport > Home - View_Blog|website=Flystl.com|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060429/https://www.flystl.com/|archive-date=August 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport serves as a focus hub city for [[Southwest Airlines]]; it was once a hub for [[Trans World Airlines]] and a focus-city for [[American Airlines]] and [[AmericanConnection]].<ref name="flystl.com" /> The airport has two terminals with a total of five concourses. International flights and passengers use Terminal 2, whose lower level holds the Immigration and Customs gates. Passengers can move between the terminals on complimentary buses that run continuously, or via MetroLink for a fee. It was possible to walk between the terminals until Concourse D was closed in 2008.<ref name="travelpulse.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.travelpulse.com/st-louis-airport-reopens-one-concourse-remains-closed.html|title=St. Louis Airport Reopens, One Concourse Remains Closed|date=April 25, 2011|work=Travelpulse.com|access-date=November 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324031349/http://www.travelpulse.com/st-louis-airport-reopens-one-concourse-remains-closed.html|archive-date=March 24, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[MidAmerica St. Louis Airport]] is the secondary passenger airport serving the metropolitan area. Located 17 miles east of the city downtown core, the airport serves domestic passengers. Air cargo transportation is available at Lambert International and at other nearby regional airports, including [[MidAmerica St. Louis Airport]], [[Spirit of St. Louis Airport]], and [[St. Louis Downtown Airport]].

===Port authority===
[[River transportation]] is available through the [[Port of St. Louis]], which is 19.3 miles of riverbank on the [[Mississippi River]] that handles more than 32 million tons of freight annually. The Port is the second largest inland port by trip-ton miles, and the third largest by tonnage in the United States, with more than 100 docks for [[barge]]s and 16 public terminals on the river.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/sldc/slpa/ |title=St. Louis Port Authority |publisher=Stlouis-mo.gov |date=April 16, 2013 |access-date=February 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200627/https://stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/sldc/slpa/ |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Port Authority added two new small fire and rescue craft in 2012 and 2013.

===Railroad service===
{{main|Transportation in St. Louis#Railroad Service}}
[[File:Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis Freight Train.jpg|thumb|An eastbound [[Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis]] freight train passes under the Hampton Avenue viaduct.]]
[[Inter-city rail]] passenger train service in the city is provided by [[Amtrak]] at the [[Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center]] downtown. Amtrak trains terminating in the city include the ''[[Lincoln Service]]'' to [[Chicago]] and the ''[[Missouri River Runner (Amtrak)|Missouri River Runner]]'' to [[Kansas City, Missouri]]. St. Louis is an intermediate stop on the ''[[Texas Eagle]]'' route which provides long-distance passenger service between [[Chicago]], San Antonio, and three days a week, to Los Angeles.<ref>amtrak.com</ref>

St. Louis is the nation's third largest freight rail hub, moving Missouri exports such as fertilizer, gravel, crushed stone, prepared foodstuffs, fats, oils, nonmetallic mineral products, grain, alcohol, tobacco products, automobiles, and automobile parts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.missourieconomy.org/pdfs/rail.pdf |title=Rail Freight |last=Brite |first=Tony |publisher=Missouri Economic Research and Information Center |access-date=January 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629024300/http://www.missourieconomy.org/pdfs/rail.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Freight rail]] service in St. Louis is provided on tracks owned by [[Union Pacific Railroad]], [[Norfolk Southern Railway]], Foster Townsend Rail Logistics – formerly [[Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis)]], [[Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis]], Affton Trucking,<ref name="afftontrucking.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.afftontrucking.com|title=Affton Trucking|website=Afftontrucking.com|access-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802103355/http://www.afftontrucking.com/|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[BNSF Railway]].

The [[Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis]] (reporting mark: TRRA) is a [[switching and terminal railroad]] jointly owned by all the major rail carriers in St. Louis. The company operates 30 [[diesel-electric]] locomotives to move railcars around the [[classification yards]], deliver railcars to local industries, and ready trains for departure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terminalrailroad.com/About/TRRAHistory.aspx |title=TRRA History |publisher=Terminalrailroad.com |access-date=February 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102733/http://www.terminalrailroad.com/About/TRRAHistory.aspx |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The TRRA processes and dispatches a significant portion of railroad traffic moving through the city and owns and operates a network of rail bridges and tunnels including the [[MacArthur Bridge (St. Louis)]] and the [[Merchants Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terminalrailroad.com |title=TRRA Home |publisher=Terminalrailroad.com |access-date=February 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174355/http://www.terminalrailroad.com/ |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> This infrastructure is also used by [[inter-city rail]] and long-distance passenger trains serving St. Louis.

===Bus service===
{{main|MetroBus (St. Louis)|l1=MetroBus}}
[[File:MetroBus at St Louis Science Center.jpg|thumb|A bus passes under the St. Louis Science Center walkway.]]
Local bus service in the city of St. Louis is provided by the [[Bi-State Development Agency]] via [[MetroBus (St. Louis)|MetroBus]], with more than 75 routes connecting to MetroLink light rail transit and stops in the city and region. The city is also served by [[Madison County Transit]], which connects downtown St. Louis to [[Madison County, Illinois]]. National bus service in the city is offered by [[Greyhound Lines]], [[Burlington Trailways]] and [[Amtrak Thruway]], with a station at the [[Gateway Transportation Center]], and [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]], with a stop at [[St. Louis Union Station]].

===Taxi===
[[Taxicab]] service in the city is provided by private companies regulated by the Metropolitan Taxicab Commission. Rates vary by vehicle type, size, passengers and distance, and by regulation all taxicab fares must be calculated using a [[taximeter]] and be payable in cash or credit card.<ref name="taxicode">{{cite web |url=http://www.stl-taxi.com/documents/VHC83WITHDIRECTORSRULESandallcurrentupdates37-7-11.pdf |title=Vehicle for Hire Code |access-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191809/http://www.stl-taxi.com/documents/VHC83WITHDIRECTORSRULESandallcurrentupdates37-7-11.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Solicitation by a driver is prohibited, although a taxicab may be hailed on the street or at a stand.
{{clear left}}

==Notable people==
{{Main category|People from St. Louis}}
{{Main list|List of people from St. Louis}}

==Sister cities==
St. Louis has 16 [[sister cities]]:<ref name="St. Louis Twinnings">{{cite web|url=https://worldtradecenter-stl.com/st-louis-sister-cities-program/|title=St. Louis Sister Cities|publisher=St. Louis Center for International Relations|access-date=March 24, 2022|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|archive-date=December 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217221246/https://worldtradecenter-stl.com/st-louis-sister-cities-program/}}</ref> [[Bologna]], Italy; [[Bogor]], Indonesia; [[Brčko (city)|Brčko]], [[Brčko District]], Bosnia and Herzegovina; [[Donegal (town)|Donegal]], [[County Donegal]], Ireland; [[Galway]], [[County Galway]], Ireland; [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]], Guyana; [[Lyon]], France; [[Nanjing]], China; [[Rosario]], [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]], Argentina; [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]], Senegal; [[Samara, Russia|Samara]], Russia; [[San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]], Mexico; [[Stuttgart]], Germany;<ref name="Stuttgart twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/14673/1|title=Stuttgart Städtepartnerschaften|access-date=July 27, 2013|work=Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Abteilung Außenbeziehungen|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808023714/http://stuttgart.de/item/show/14673/1|archive-date=August 8, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suwa, Nagano|Suwa]], Japan; [[Szczecin]], Poland;<ref name="Szczecin twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://bip.um.szczecin.pl/UMSzczecinBIP/chapter_11296.asp|title=Kontakty partnerskie Miasta Szczecin|access-date=July 29, 2013|work=Urząd Miasta Szczecin|language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818001351/http://bip.um.szczecin.pl/umszczecinbip/chapter_11296.asp|archive-date = August 18, 2012}}</ref> and [[Wuhan]], China.

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|North America|Geography}}
{{Div col |colwidth = 18em }}
*[[Caves of St. Louis]]
*[[Cuisine of St. Louis]]
*[[Delmar Divide]]
*[[Downtown St. Louis]]
**[[Laclede's Landing, St. Louis]]
**[[Downtown West, St. Louis]]
*[[Great Flood of 1993]]
*[[Heat wave of 2006 derecho series]]
*[[History of the Jews in St. Louis]]
*[[LaClede Town]]
*[[LGBT culture in St. Louis]]
*[[List of mayors of St. Louis]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in St. Louis]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M-Z), Missouri]]
*[[Neighborhoods of St. Louis]]
*[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis]]
*[[St. Louis Fire of 1849]]
*[[St. Louis in the Civil War]]
*[[1939 St. Louis smog]]
* [[List of Veiled Prophet Parade themes]]
*[[USS St. Louis|USS ''St. Louis'']], 7 ships
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Further|History of   St. Louis#Further reading}}
*Berger, Henry W. ''St. Louis and Empire: 250 Years of Imperial Quest and Urban Crisis''. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2015.
*Ekberg, Carl J.,  and Sharon K. Person, ''St. Louis Rising: The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive''. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.
*Gordon, Colin. ''Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. {{ISBN|9780812220940}}
* Primm, James Neal. ''Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980'' (1998) a major scholarly history [https://archive.org/details/lionofvalleystlo00prim online]

==External links==
{{sister project links |voy = St. Louis }}
*{{official website|http://stlouis-mo.gov/government}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120606084615/http://www.stlrcga.org/ St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association]
*Historic maps of St. Louis in the [http://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu/mu/islandora/object/mu%3A138981 Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection] at the [[University of Missouri]]

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = St. Louis
|North     = [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]]
|Northeast = [[Madison County, Illinois]]
|East      = [[Mississippi River]]
|Southeast = [[St. Clair County, Illinois]]
|South     = [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]]
|Southwest =
|West      = [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{St. Louis}}
{{St. Louis MSA}}
{{Stl neighborhoods}}
{{St. Louis Radio}}
{{St Louis TV}} 
{{Missouri}}

{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{USPopulousCities}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Louis}}
[[Category:St. Louis| ]]
[[Category:1764 establishments in New Spain]]
[[Category:1764 in New France]]
[[Category:Cities in Greater St. Louis]]
[[Category:Cities in Missouri]]
[[Category:Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States]]
[[Category:French colonial settlements of Upper Louisiana]]
[[Category:Independent cities in the United States]]
[[Category:Inland port cities and towns of the United States]]
[[Category:Missouri counties on the Mississippi River]]
[[Category:Missouri counties on the Missouri River]]
[[Category:Missouri populated places on the Mississippi River]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1764]]
[[Category:Regions of Greater St. Louis]]