Stachybotrys chartarum
| Stachybotrys chartarum | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | S. chartarum
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| Binomial name | |
| Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes
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Stachybotrys atra Corda Stachybotrys alternans Bonord. Stilbospora chartarum Ehrenb. | |
Stachybotrys chartarum, also called Stachybotrys atra, Stachybotrys alternans or Stilbospora chartarum, is a black mold that produces its conidia in slime heads. It is sometimes found in soil and grain, but the mold is most often detected in cellulose-rich building materials from damp or water-damaged buildings.[1] S. chartarum was originally described from the wall of a house in Prague in 1837 by Czech mycologist August Carl Joseph Corda. It requires high moisture content in order to grow and is associated with wet gypsum material and wallpaper.[2]
Medical and veterinary issues
Health problems related to this mold have been documented in humans and animals since the 1930s;[3] it is also considered a likely candidate for the Biblical condition mistranslated as "leprosy", tzaraath.[4] More recently, S. chartarum has been linked with so-called sick building syndrome. However, the link has not been firmly established in the scientific literature.[5]
There are two chemotypes in S. chartarum, one that produce trichothecene mycotoxins including satratoxins and one that produce atranones.[6]
Two cats died under anesthesia in what is believed to be the first documented case of black mold poisoning in pets. The cats had been living in Florida in a water damaged home. During routine dental procedures both cats experienced severe pulmonary hemorrhage and later died. Blood tests confirmed the presence of a toxin produced by S. chartarum, and severe mold contamination was found in the home.[7]
Detection
Four distinctive Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs), 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol, and thujopsene, were detected on rice cultures, and only one (1-butanol) was detected on gypsum board cultures. [8]
Notes
- ^ Samson RA, Houbraken J, Thrane U, Frisvad JC & Andersen B. (2010). Food and Indoor Fungi. CBS-KNAW- Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands. pp. 1-398.
- ^ Andersen B, Frisvad JC, Søndergaard I, Rasmussen IS & Larsen LS. (2011). Associations between fungal species and water damaged building materials. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. In Press
- ^ Etzel RA, Montaña E, Sorenson WG, Kullman GJ, Allan TM, Dearborn DG, Olson DR, Jarvis BB, Miller JD. (1998) Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 152: 757-62.
- ^ Heller RM, Heller TW, Sasson JM (2003). "Mold: "tsara'at," Leviticus, and the history of a confusion". Perspect. Biol. Med. 46 (4): 588–91. doi:10.1353/pbm.2003.0085. PMID 14593226.
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|doi=10.1080/15298660108984664instead. - ^ Andersen B, Nielsen KF, Thrane U, Szaro, T, Taylor, JW & Jarvis, BB. (2003). Molecular and phenotypic descriptions of Stachybotrys chlorohalonata sp. nov. And two chemotypes of stachybotrys chartarum found in water-damaged buildings. Mycologia 95: 1227-1238.
- ^ "Toxic mold may pose threat to pets". Veterinary Forum. 24 (10). Veterinary Learning Systems: 17. October 2007.
- ^ Gao P, Martin J. (2002 Jun;). "Volatile metabolites produced by three strains of Stachybotrys chartarum cultivated on rice and gypsum board". Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 17 (6): 430–6.
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References
- Nelson, D. "Stachybotrys chartarum: the toxic indoor mold". APSnet. American Phytological Society. Archived from the original on 28 August 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2005.
- "Questions and Answers on Stachybotrys chartarum and other molds". Air Pollution & Respiratory Health. National Center for Environmental Health. Retrieved 19 September 2005.
See also
- Bioaerosol
- Indoor air quality
- Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
- Mold health issues
- Sick Building Syndrome
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