Stanisław Maczek: Difference between revisions

Stanisław Maczek
Stanisław Maczek
Nickname(s)	Baca
Years of service	1914–47
Rank	Brigadier General
Battles / wars	WWI, PBW, PDW, WWII
Awards
Other work	Bartender

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General Stanisław Maczek ([staˈɲiswav ˈmat͡ʂɛk]; 31 March 1892 – 11 December 1994) was the most accomplished Polish tank commander of World War II. His division was instrumental in the Allied liberation of France, where it closed the Falaise pocket, resulting in the destruction of 14 German Wehrmacht and SS divisions.

A veteran of World War I, the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Bolshevik Wars, Maczek was the commander of Poland's only major armoured formation during the September 1939 campaign, again commanded a Polish armoured formation in France in 1940, and was commander of the famous First Polish Armoured Division, and later of the First Polish Army Corps under Allied Command in 1942–1945.

Family

Stanisław Władysław Maczek was born on 31 March 1892 in the Lwów suburb of Szczerzec (now Ukrainian: Shchirets),^[1] then in Austro-Hungarian Galicia. Maczek's father was a lawyer, who after retiring opened chambers in Drohobycz.^[1] His family was of distant Croatian extraction;^[2] he was a cousin of the Croatian peasant politician Vladko Maček. Stanisław Maczek's youngest daughter, Magdalena, was handicapped.^[3]

Education

After graduating from the grammar school at Drohobycz, in 1910 he attended the philosophy faculty of Lwów University, where he studied Polish philology^[1] (ie language and literature). Among his tutors were the renowned Polish philologists Wilhelm Bruchnalski and Józef Kallenbach^[1], He also attended lectures by Kazimierz Twardowski^[2]. During his studies he served in the Strzelec paramilitary organization, in which he received basic military training. After the outbreak of World War I, Maczek interrupted his studies, hoping to join Józef Piłsudski's Polish Legions, but instead was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army.

World War I

After receiving brief officer's training, Maczek was sent to the Italian front of World War I. Initially an NCO in the Tyrolean Regiment^[2] of the K.u.K. Army, he was promoted to second lieutenant in 1916 and then in 1918 to lieutenant. As the only Polish battalion commander in Austria-Hungary's Alpine regiments, Maczek gained experience in mountain warfare, which proved valuable in his later career.

Poland's borders

On 11 November 1918, after receiving news of the Armistice, Maczek simply disbanded his battalion and returned to newly-reborn Poland. Three days later he arrived at Krosno, where he joined the Polish Army. Assigned the command of a Krosno battalion, Maczek began a limited offensive against the forces of the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) with the aim of relieving his besieged hometown. However, due to insufficient support, after initial successes at Ustrzyki, Chyrów and Felsztyn, the Polish offensive got bogged down and the Polish-Ukrainian War turned into trench warfare for the rest of the winter.

In April 1919 Maczek was withdrawn from his unit and became the organizer and commander of the so-called 'flying' company (Template:Lang-pl) as part of Gen. Aleksandrowicz's 4th Infantry Division. This unit, created on Maczek's initiative, was modelled after the German Sturmbataillone of World War I, and was almost entirely motorized and well-equipped with heavy machine guns. The unit was formed mostly out of the battle-hardened troops of the Krosno battalion and its combat value was well above the average of the Polish Army of the time. Hence, it served in a "firefighter" capacity, patching holes that appeared in the defensive lines, but also fought with distinction in the Polish spring offensive. It took part in some of the heaviest fighting of the war, including the battles for Drohobycz, Stanisławów, Buczacz and finally the ZUNR capital, Stryj.

After the end of the Polish-Ukrainian fighting, Maczek was confirmed in the rank of major with seniority from 1 June 1919. He was then attached to General Iwaszkiewicz's Polish 2nd Army as a staff officer. Bored with staff duties, Maczek repeatedly asked his superiors to give him command over a front-line unit. His wish was fulfilled only after the start of the Polish-Bolshevik War, when the 2nd Army suffered a defeat in initial clashes with Semyon Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army. In Jarosław, Maczek formed a new 'flying' Rifle battalion, mostly composed of fresh recruits and horseless uhlans. Despite insufficient training, the unit was moved to the front and Maczek again acted as a "firefighter", moving his unit quickly to wherever it was needed on the front. His unit covered the retreat of the Polish forces at Mosty Wielkie, after which it was attached to Gen. Juliusz Rómmel's 1st Cavalry Division. It took part in the Polish assault on Waręż near Zamość, a tactical counter-assault on the rear of Budyonny's advancing Cossacks directly preceding the victorious battle of Komarów. After the end of hostilities, Maczek's battalion was officially named after him, although it was disbanded shortly after the signing of the treaty of Riga.

Interbellum

Maczek decided not resume his studies at Lwów University and remained on active service. Between 1921 and 1923 he was commanding officer of an infantry battalion within the Lwów-based 26th Infantry Regiment. On 1 August 1923 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and sent to the Higher Military School in Warsaw. He graduated the following year and served until 1927 as the head of the 2nd Detachment of the General Staff (intelligence) in Lwów. Later that year he moved to Grodno, where he became the deputy commander of the 76th Infantry Regiment. In 1929, after finishing his training, he became commander of the Grodno-based 81st Infantry Regiment and held that post until 1934. During that time, on 1 January 1931 he was promoted to colonel. In 1935 he was moved to Częstochowa, where he became the deputy commander of the prestigious 1st Legions Infantry Division.

In October 1938, Maczek's experience as a commander of "flying" troops received recognition from his superiors, and he was given command of the Polish 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade, the first fully-motorized formation in the Polish Army.

September 1939

On the outbreak of war in September 1939, the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade was attached to the Kraków Army^[4] defending Lesser Poland and Silesia. Equipped with only light tanks and tankettes and with only one artillery battery of only eight heavy cannon, the brigade went into battle on the first day of war. After the Battle of Jordanów, Maczek's unit faced the entire German XVIII Corps of Gen. Eugen Beyer and successfully shielded the southern flank of the Polish forces, along the Beskides. Supported by just a few battalions of Border Guards and National Defence troops, Maczek's motorized brigade was faced by two Panzer divisions^[4] (4th Light Division under von Hubicki and 2nd Panzer Division under Veiel), as well as the 3rd Mountain Division under Eduard Dietl.

For five days Maczek’s brigade fought bravely and efficiently, slowing the pace of the German Blitzkrieg to a bloody crawl: despite numerical and technical superiority, the Germans were not able to make more than 10 kilometres headway per day. Maczek's men took maximum advantage of the mountainous terrain, halting many German attacks and occasionally counter-attacking. However, after the front of the Kraków Army was broken to the north of the brigade's position, Maczek's formation was pulled out of the front line.

The brigade then fought as a screening unit, defending the bridges and fords in Lesser Poland, until it arrived at Lwów and joined the city’s defences. It was to form a mobile reserve during the battle for Lwów, allowing other Polish units to withdraw towards the Romanian Bridgehead. However, the plan was made obsolete by the invasion of Poland by the Soviet Union on 17 September. After two days, Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered the brigade to cross the Hungarian border. Maczek’s brigade was interned in Hungary. The unit had lost about half of its men, but was never defeated in open combat, gaining respect even from the enemy. It is considered to be the only Polish unit not to lose a single battle in 1939. It is to be noted that Maczek was not only esteemed by his superiors but also loved by his soldiers, who referred to him as Baca, a traditional Polish highlanders' name for a shepherd.

France, 1940

After the end of the September campaign Maczek made it to France, where he joined the re-created Polish Army and was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was made the commanding officer of the Polish military camp in Coëtquidan. He then prepared a detailed report on the workings of German Blitzkrieg tactics, and possible precautions against it. This report was however completely disregarded by French staff (the Germans captured it - unopened).^{[citation needed]} He also started gathering any 10th Brigade veterans who had made it to France, in two camps in Paimpont and Campeneac. His aim was to preserve the integrity of his former unit and prevent the conscription of some of the best-trained Polish soldiers into standard infantry formations, where their experience would probably have been wasted. However, initially the French command was not interested in the formation of a Polish armoured unit and the Polish 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade received almost no equipment. It was not until March 1940 that Maczek received a dozen obsolete FT-17 tanks for training, plus a few dozen cars and motorcycles.

Everything changed when Germany invaded France in the spring of 1940, by simply bypassing the Maginot Line. General Maczek's unit suddenly received all the equipment they had asked for, with one condition: they had to go into action immediately. That was impossible, because many Polish soldiers had no idea how to use the new equipment and there was no time for training exercises. General Maczek decided to lead a small force of his best-trained men, hoping that the rest of his unit would join them later. That small force was called 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Template:Lang-pl) in honour of the "Black Brigade" from 1939. On 6 June, 10th Brigade had one tank battalion, two strong motorized cavalry squadrons, one anti-tank battery and one anti-aircraft battery. It was attached to the French 4th Army near Reims, and was ordered to cover its left flank^[5]. However, Maczek's unit was much too weak to do it successfully against German armoured divisions. Polish soldiers managed only to cover one retreating French infantry division by attacking German forces in Champaubert-Montgivroux. Later the brigade had to withdraw with the rest of French troops, and joined the French XXIII Corps. On 16 June the brigade attacked by night the town of Montbard over the Burgundy Canal. Maczek's soldiers completely surprised the Germans and took many prisoners.

However, the brigade by then was fighting alone, with the French units on both flanks either routed or in retreat. There were no French forces to take advantage of that victory, and the decimated Polish unit found itself surrounded and without fuel. On 18 June, general Maczek decided to destroy useless equipment and to withdraw on foot. Later that day he had to split the remnants of his brigade into small groups, so they could pass the enemy lines. Many of Maczek's men, including the general himself, found their way through Vichy France, North Africa and Portugal to the United Kingdom, where a Polish armored unit was recreated, while others joined the Polish and French resistance organizations in France and Belgium. Maczek shared the fate of his men and went to London.

Scotland

File:Maczek2.jpg

Maczek (left) with Montgomery, 1945

Initially, the British high command wanted to use the recreated Polish Army solely for defense of the Scottish coastline between Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and the veterans of the Polish tank formations who arrived to the UK were pressed into the Polish 2nd Rifle Brigade under General Rudolf Orlicz-Dreszer. However, immediately on Maczek's arrival the idea was abandoned and General Władysław Sikorski managed to convince the British government to instead create a Polish armored unit^[6]. After years of training at the Blairgowrie training ground, in February 1942 General Maczek formed the 1st Polish Armoured Division. Equipped by the British authorities with state-of-the-art Churchill and M4 Sherman tanks, it initially served in defense of the Scottish shoreline between Montrose and Dundee.

To Germany

File:Tank Maczek.jpg

Maczek (top left), division commander, in lead tank

Towards the end of July 1944 the Polish 1st Armored Division was transferred to Normandy, where it was to prove its worth during the 1944 invasion of Europe. Attached to First Canadian Army, Maczek's men entered combat on August 8 during Operation Totalize. The division twice suffered serious bombings by Allied aircraft, yet achieved a brilliant victory against the Wehrmacht in the battles for Mont Ormel, Hill 262 and the town of Chambois. In this series of offensive and defensive operations, which came to be known as the Battle of Falaise, 14 German Wehrmacht and SS divisions were trapped in the huge Chambois pocket and destroyed. Maczek's division had the crucial role of closing the pocket at the escape route of those German divisions^[7].

After this decisive battle, Maczek's Division continued to spearhead the Allied drive across the battlefields of France, Belgium, Netherlands and finally Germany. The Division's finest hour came when its forces captured the German port of Wilhelmshaven and accepted the surrender of the entire garrison, including some 200 vessels of Hitler's Kriegsmarine.

General Maczek commanded the First Armored Division until the end of European hostilities and that year was promoted to major-general. After the capitulation of Germany he went on to command the Polish I Corps, then became commanding officer of all Polish forces in the United Kingdom until their demobilization in 1947.

Campaign to restore General Maczek's Great Polish Map of Scotland: http://www.makers.org.uk/place/Maczek

Exile

Maczek left the army on 9 September 1948.^[3] After the war, Maczek was stripped of Polish citizenship by the Communist government of the People's Republic of Poland, and thus had to remain in Britain. As he was not considered by the British to be an Allied soldier, he was denied combatant rights and a military pension^[3]. As a result, until the 1960s he was forced to do menial work^[8], working as a bartender in the 1960s in an Edinburgh hotel. In 1989, the last Communist Government of Prime Minister Mieczyslaw Rakowski issued a public apology and in 1994 he was presented with Poland's highest state decoration, the Order of the White Eagle^[9].

Brigadier General Stanisław Maczek died on 11 December 1994, at the age of 102^[10]. According to his last wish, General Maczek was laid to rest among his soldiers at the Polish military cemetery in Breda, the Netherlands^[10]. Each year during Liberation Day festivities, Breda is visited by a large Polish contingent and the city reserves part of the festivities for the fallen Polish soldiers.

Gallery

Maczek in field battledress, 1944

Maczek in field battledress, 1944
'Freed by the Poles' poster printed after liberation of Breda.

'Freed by the Poles' poster printed after liberation of Breda.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zbigniew Mieczkowski, editor, The Soldiers of General Maczek in World War II, ISBN 83-914145-8-2, p. 16. Cite error: The named reference "Mieczkowski0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c Zbigniew Mieczkowski, editor, The Soldiers of General Maczek in World War II, ISBN 83-914145-8-2, p. 17. Cite error: The named reference "Mieczkowski1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c Peter Stachura, editor; Evan McGilvray, chapter 6, The Poles in Britain, 1940-2000, ISBN 0 7146 8444 9, p. 64. Cite error: The named reference "Stachura0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Krzysztof Barbarski Polish Armour 1939-1945 ISBN 0-85045-467-0 Page 8
^ Stanislaw Mikolajczyk The Pattern of Soviet Domination Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1948 Page 8
^ Jozef Garlinski Poland in the Second World War, ISBN 0-333-39258-2 Page 235
^ John Keegan Six Armies in Normandy ISBN 0-14-005293-3 Chapter 7 'A Polish Battlefield'
^ Editor Peter Stachura Chapter 6 by Evan McGilvray The Poles in Britain 1940-2000 ISBN 0 7146 8444 9 Page 54
^ Binder, David (14 December 1994). "Stanislaw Maczek, 102, General Who Led Poles in World War II". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
^ ^a ^b Editor Peter Stachura Chapter 6 by Evan McGilvray The Poles in Britain 1940-2000 ISBN 0 7146 8444 9 Page 67