Symphony No. 8 (Shostakovich)
The Symphony No. 8 in C minor (Opus 65) by Dmitri Shostakovich was written in the summer of 1943, and first performed on 4th November that year by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra under Yevgeny Mravinsky, to whom the work is dedicated.
The symphony is in the tradition of C minor "tragedy to triumph" symphonies begun with Beethoven's Fifth and including Bruckner's Eighth and Mahler's Second. Shostakovich's friend Isaak Glikman called the symphony "his most tragic work".[1]
Movements
The work is only slightly shorter than the Seventh Symphony, and has five movements:
The first movement is the longest at almost half an hour. Like the Beethoven symphony, it begins with a dramatic motif played fortissimo in octaves, characterised by David Haas in his study as a "fate" motif:[2] ()
However, the motif is immediately replaced by the two subjects of this sonata form movement, both lyrical in character. In the development section, the second subject is brutalised before militaristic marches come to dominate. The recapitulation sees a dissonant version of the fate motif displaced by a cor anglais solo which meanders towards a restatement of the second subject.
The composer described the short second movement allegretto as "a march with elements of a scherzo"; the third movement (conventionally described as a toccata[3]) is again short, driven onwards by motor rhythms: ()
This movement has been interpreted as a depiction of battle, or (by Kurt Sanderling) as "the crushing of the individual" by the Soviet system. It is linked to the penultimate movement, a passacaglia, which in turn (as in Beethoven's fifth) leads directly into the C major finale, around 15 minutes in length. However in contrast to Beethoven's bombastic conclusion, Shostakovich provides a pastoral rondo in which solo woodwinds again dominate: the movement begins with a passage for solo bassoon, and ends in a quiet solo soprano flute at the bottom of its range, over pizzicato and tremolo strings. The flute's material is an inverted version of the symphony's opening fate motif, and is connected by Haas to a similar passage for soprano voice in the fifth movement of Mahler's Second. Here, however, there is no resurrection: "The hero who announced himself using the voices of cor anglais and bassoon has not clearly triumphed, merely survived".[4]
The weight of the first and final movements of the symphony are centered on simulataneous crescendos of the snare and bass drums, while trumpets call to the pinnacle which is overlayed by woodwind trills.
Reception
In a letter to Glikman, the composer parodied the response he expected from the government:
I am sure that it will give rise to valuable critical observations which will both inspire me to future creative work and provide insights enabling me to review that which I have created in the past. Rather than take a step backward I shall thus succeed in taking one forward."[5]
It was indeed not well received, although reviews were tepid rather than scathing. The bleak tone, and in particular the lack of an optimistic conclusion, made it unsuitable as propaganda at home or abroad. Shostakovich's friend Ivan Sollertinsky noted that, "the music is significantly tougher and more astringent than the Fifth or the Seventh and for that reason is unlikely to become popular".[6] The government responded by giving it the subtitle the Stalingrad Symphony and portraying it as a memorial to those killed in that battle. The symphony was criticised by Prokofiev and others at a Composers' Plenum in March 1944,[7] and after the Zhdanov decree of 1948 it was effectively banned until eight years later. The symphony was rehabilitated in October 1956, in a performance by the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Samuil Samosud.[8]
Notes
References
- Fay, Laurel (1999). Shostakovich: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513438-9.
- Haas, David. Shostakovich's Eighth:C minor Symphony against the Grain in Bartlett (ed) Shostakovich in Context.
- Shostakovich, Dmitri and Glikman, Isaak (2001). Story of a Friendship: The Letters of Dmitry Shostakovich to Isaak Glikman. Cornell Univ Press. ISBN 0-8014-3979-5.
- Wilson, Elizabeth (1994). Shostakovich: A Life Remembered. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04465-1.