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The Holly and the Ivy

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For the 1952 film, see The Holly and the Ivy (film).

The Holly and the Ivy
GenreChristmas carol
TextEnglish traditional carol
Meter7.6.8.6 with refrain

"The Holly and the Ivy" is a traditional British folk Christmas carol. The song is catalogued as Roud Folk Song Index No. 514.

Words

The following are taken from Sharp's English Folk-Carols (1911), the publication that first established the current words and melody:[1]

1
The holly and the ivy,
When they are both full grown,
Of all the trees that are in the wood,
The holly bears the crown.
The rising of the sun
And the running of the deer,
The playing of the merry organ,
Sweet singing in the choir.
2
The holly bears a blossom,
As white as the lily flower,
And Mary bore sweet Jesus Christ,
To be our sweet Saviour.
The rising of the sun
And the running of the deer,
The playing of the merry organ,
Sweet singing in the choir.
3
The holly bears a berry,
As red as any blood,
And Mary bore sweet Jesus Christ
For to do us sinners good.
The rising of the sun
And the running of the deer,
The playing of the merry organ,
Sweet singing in the choir.
4
The holly bears a prickle,
As sharp as any thorn,
And Mary bore sweet Jesus Christ
On Christmas Day in the morn.
The rising of the sun
And the running of the deer,
The playing of the merry organ,
Sweet singing in the choir.
5
The holly bears a bark,
As bitter as any gall,
And Mary bore sweet Jesus Christ
For to redeem us all.
The rising of the sun
And the running of the deer,
The playing of the merry organ,
Sweet singing in the choir.
6
The holly and the ivy,
When they are both full grown,
Of all the trees that are in the wood,
The holly bears the crown.
The rising of the sun
And the running of the deer,
The playing of the merry organ,
Sweet singing in the choir.

Origin

First verse from an anonymous broadside published by H. Wadsworth, Birmingham, 1814-1818. Note the repetition of "the sun".

The words of the carol occur in three broadsides published in Birmingham in the early nineteenth century.[2][3][4]

An early mention of the carol's title occurs in William Hone's 1823 work Ancient Mysteries Described, which includes "The holly and the ivy, now are both well grown" among an alphabetical list of "Christmas Carols, now annually printed" that were in the author's possession.[5]

The complete words of the carol are found in a book review dating from 1849, in which the reviewer suggested using the text of "The Holly and the Ivy" in place of one of the readings found in the book under discussion.[6] The anonymous reviewer introduced the lyrics of carol thus:

Instead of passages from Bernard Barton, however, and Mary Howitt, we think we could have gathered more from the seventeenth century poets; and especially might larger use have been made of that touchingly simple class of religious ballads, which under the name of carols, &c., is so rife throughout the rural districts, and the humbler quarters of England's great towns. Many of these are only orally preserved, but with a little trouble a large number might be recovered. We have before us at this time a collection of carols printed in the cheapest form, at Birmingham, uniting for the most part extreme simplicity, with distinct doctrinal teaching, a combination which constitutes the excellence of a popular religious literature. From this little volume we will extract one which might well take the place of the passage from Milton for Christmas Day. It is called the "Holly and the Ivy."

The words of the carol were included in Sylvester's 1861 collection A Garland of Christmas Carols where it is claimed to originate from "an old broadside, printed a century and a half since" [i.e. around 1711]:[7] Husk's 1864 Songs of the Nativity also includes the carol, stating:[8]

This carol appears to have nearly escaped the notice of collectors, as it has been reprinted by one alone, who states his copy to have been taken from "an old broadside, printed a century and a half since," i.e. about 1710. It is still retained on the broadsides printed at Birmingham.

Early English Lyrics by Chambers and Sidgwick, published in 1907, repeats Husk's statement.[9]

Variants

Textual variants differing from Sharp (1911) (first verse and chorus)
Variant Wadsworth (1814-1818)[2] Bloomer (1817-1827)[4] Wrighton (1812-1830)[3] The Theologian (1849) [6] Sylvester (1861) [7] Husk (1864) [8]
verse 1 line 2: Now are both well grown X X X X X X
chorus line 1: The rising of the sun, the sun, X
chorus line 2: And The running of the deer X X X X X X
chorus line 3: The playing of the merry organ X
chorus line 4: Sweet singing of the choir
X
chorus line 4: The singing in the choir
X X

Music

Melody of The Holly and the Ivy, as first published in Sharp, English Folk-Carols (1911) [1]

The usual melody for the carol was first published in Cecil Sharp's 1911 collection English Folk-Carols.[1] Sharp states that he heard the tune sung by "Mrs. Mary Clayton, at Chipping Camden".[10] Sharp's manuscript transcription of Clayton's singing of the third verse, dated "Jan 13th 1909", is archived in the Cecil Sharp Manuscript Collection at Clare College, Cambridge and viewable online.[11] The melody is notable in being confined to the notes of the hexachord. The words have also been sung to other folk melodies, with three further tunes having been collected in Gloucestershire alone[12] .

The Holly and the Ivy
Tune for The Holly and the Ivy
The Holly and the Ivy
Congregational arrangement
Problems playing these files? See media help.

The early nineteenth-century sources do not provide music for the carol. An 1868 collection of carols coupled the words of "The Holly and The Ivy" to an "old French carol".[13]

Music for the carol "The Holly and the Ivy" from an 1868 publication.

Cultural background

Green holly and ivy.

Holly, especially the variety found in Europe, is commonly referenced at Christmastime, and is often referred to by the name Christ's thorn.[14][15] Since medieval times the plant has carried a Christian symbolism,[16] as expressed in this popular Christian Christmas carol "The Holly and the Ivy", in which the holly represents Jesus and the ivy represents His mother, the Virgin Mary.[15] Angie Mostellar discusses the Christian use of holly at Christmas, stating that:[15]

Christians have identified a wealth of symbolism in its form. The sharpness of the leaves help to recall the crown of thorns worn by Jesus; the red berries serve as a reminder of the drops of blood that were shed for salvation; and the shape of the leaves, which resemble flames, can serve to reveal God's burning love for His people. Combined with the fact that holly maintains its bright colors during the Christmas season, it naturally came to be associated with the Christian holiday.[15]

As such, holly and ivy have been a mainstay of British Advent and Christmas decorations for Church use since at least the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, when they were mentioned regularly in churchwardens’ accounts (Roud 2004).[17]

Holly and ivy figure in the lyrics of the "Sans Day Carol". The music was first published by Cecil Sharp.[18] Sir Henry Walford Davies wrote a popular choral arrangement that is often performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols and by choirs around the world Henry VIII wrote a love song Green groweth the holly which alludes to holly and ivy resisting winter blasts and not changing their green hue So I am and ever hath been Unto my lady true.

Hone's 1823 Ancient Mysteries Described, which lists the carol's title as mentioned above, also describes (p 94)[5] a British Museum manuscript: The same volume contains a song on the Holly and the Ivy which I mention because there is an old Carol on the same subject still printed. The MS begins with,

Holly and ivy in the snow in Elmstead Wood
Nay, my nay, hyt shal not be I wys,
Let holy hafe the maystry, as the maner ys:
Holy stond in the hall, faire to behold,
Ivy stond without the dore, she ys ful sore acold,
Nay, my nay etc
Holy and hys mery men, they dawnseyn and they syng,
Ivy and hur maydyns, they wepen and they wryng.
Nay, my nay etc'

The Holly and the Ivy is also related to an older carol described by Sharp as: "The Contest of the Ivy and the Holly", a contest between the traditional emblems of woman and man respectively.

Holly stands in the hall, fair to behold:
Ivy stands without the door, she is full sore a cold.
Nay, ivy, nay, it shall not be I wis;
Let holly have the mastery, as the manner is.
Holly and his merry men, they dance and they sing,
Ivy and her maidens, they weep and they wring.
Nay, ivy, nay, it shall not be I wis;
Let holly have the mastery, as the manner is.
Ivy hath chapped fingers, she caught them from the cold,
So might they all have, aye, that with ivy hold.
Nay, ivy, nay, it shall not be I wis;
Let holly have the mastery, as the manner is.
Holly hath berries red as any rose,
The forester, the hunter, keep them from the does.
Nay, ivy, nay, it shall not be I wis;
Let holly have the mastery, as the manner is.
Ivy hath berries black as any sloe;
There come the owl and eat him as she go.
Nay, ivy, nay, it shall not be I wis;
Let holly have the mastery, as the manner is.
Holly hath birds a fair full flock,
The nightingale, the popinjay, the gentle laverock.
Nay, ivy, nay, it shall not be I wis;
Let holly have the mastery, as the manner is.
Good ivy, what birds hast thou?
None but the owlet that cries how, how.
Nay, ivy, nay, it shall not be I wis;
Let holly have the mastery, as the manner is.

Recorded versions (partial list)

References

  1. ^ a b c Sharp, Cecil J. (1911). English Folk-Carols. London: Novello.
  2. ^ a b "The Holly & Ivy". Vaughan Williams Memorial Library.; see also http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/birming4.htm
  3. ^ a b "The Holly & Ivy; Twelve Articles". Bodleian Libraries.
  4. ^ a b Herald Angels; The Holly & Ivy. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b Hone, William. Ancient mysteries described: especially the English miracle plays, founded on apocryphal New testament story, extant among the unpublished manuscripts in the British museum: including notices of ecclesiastical shows. London: W. Hone. pp. 97–99.
  6. ^ a b Review of Rivington, Sertum Ecclesiae, the Church's Flowers, from The Theologian and Ecclesiastic vol. vii, January to June 1849, pp. 198-200
  7. ^ a b Sylvester, Joshua (ed.) (1861). A Garland of Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern. London: John Camden Hotten. p. 148. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ a b Husk, William Henry (ed.) (1864). Songs of the Nativity. London: John Camden Hotten. p. 85. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  9. ^ Chambers, E.K.; Frank Sidgwick (1907). Early English lyrics : amorous, divine, moral & trivial. London: A.H. Bullen. p. 374.
  10. ^ Sharp (1911), p. 63
  11. ^ "The Holly & the Ivy. Xmas Carol. Mrs. M. A. Clayton at Chipping Camden. Jan 13th 1909" (manuscript facsimile)
  12. ^ "From the Gloucestershire Traditions online library".
  13. ^ Warren, Nathan Boughton (1868). The holidays: Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide: their social festivities, customs, and carols. Cambridge, MA: Hurd and Houghton. pp. 182–183.
  14. ^ Sanford Niles, ed. (1895). Christmas History and Customs. School Education Company. p. 24. In Germany and Scandinavia the holly, or holy tree, is called "Christ's thorn," from its use in church decorations, and because it bears berries at Christmas-tide.
  15. ^ a b c d Mosteller, Angie (2008). Christmas. Itasca Books. pp. 86–87, 89. ISBN 9781607910084.
  16. ^ Struthers, Jane (4 October 2010). The Book of Christmas. Ebury Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 9781448148936. The British native holly (Ilex aquifolim) has tremendous religious significance at Christmas. Its prickly leave are evocative of the crown of thorns that was placed on Jesus Christ's head at His crucifixion, and its scarlet berries are synonymous with drops of His blood.
  17. ^ Ciesla, William M. (2002). Non-wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad-leaved Trees. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 13. ISBN 9789251048559. Holly is still a popular Christmas decoration among Christian cultures.
  18. ^ The Holly and the Ivy lryics
  • Steve Roud (2004). A Pocket Guide to Superstitions of the British Isles. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-051549-6.
  • Brendan Lehane and the Editors of Time-Life Books (1986). The Book of Christmas (The Enchanted World). Time-Life Books Inc. ISBN 0-8094-5261-8. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
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