The Long Goodbye (film)

The Long Goodbye
The Long Goodbye movie poster
Directed by	Robert Altman
Written by	Raymond Chandler (novel) Leigh Brackett
Produced by	Jerry Bick
Starring	Elliott Gould Nina Van Pallandt
Cinematography	Vilmos Zsigmond
Edited by	Lou Lombardo
Music by	John Williams
Distributed by	United Artists
Release dates	March 7, 1973 in film (U.S. release)
Running time	112 min.
Country	US
Language	English
Budget	$1,700,000

The Long Goodbye is a 1973 film adaptation of Raymond Chandler's novel The Long Goodbye. Directed by Robert Altman from a screenplay by Leigh Brackett, the film stars Elliott Gould as Philip Marlowe, film noir veteran Sterling Hayden as Roger Wade and director Mark Rydell as the gangster Marty Augustine. "The Long Goodbye" holds up a mirror to the culture of the Hollywood lifestyle in the 1970s. The film is "a study of a moral and decent man cast adrift in a selfish, self-obsessed society where lives can be thrown away without a backward glance...and any notions of friendship and loyalty are meaningless" (Daniel O'Brien, "Robert Altman: Hollywood Survivor").

Leigh Brackett was also one of the screenwriters on the 1946 film The Big Sleep, also based on a Chandler novel.

Unlike the novel, which is set in the 1940's, the film is set in the 1970's.

Synopsis

While trying in vain to feed his cat late one night, private investigator Philip Marlowe (Gould) receives a visit from his friend, Terry Lennox (Bouton). Lennox asks Marlowe to drive him to Tijuana, Mexico. When he returns home, the police are waiting for him and claim that Lennox brutally murdered his wife. Marlowe does not believe that his good friend is a murderer and refuses to tell the police anything. After three days in jail, he's released when the police inform him that Lennox committed suicide in Mexico. It's an open and shut case but something doesn't quite sit right with Marlowe.

He is subsequently hired by the wealthy Eileen Wade (Pallandt) to find her alcoholic husband, Roger Wade (Hayden), a famous author with a Hemingway complex. Marlowe learns that the Wades knew the Lennoxes and that there is more to Terry's suicide and his wife's murder than initially reported.

Production

Producers Jerry Bick and Elliott Kastner had acquired the rights to the novel and made a deal with United Artists. They commissioned Leigh Brackett to write the screenplay and approached Howard Hawks and Peter Bogdanovich to direct. Both filmmakers turned the producers down but Bogdanovich recommended Altman who, initially, wasn't interested until they let him cast Elliott Gould to play Marlowe. Originally, the producers had wanted either Robert Mitchum or Lee Marvin to play Marlowe. At the time, the actor had fallen out of favor after several unsuccessful films, including A Glimpse of Tiger where he had bickered with co-star Kim Darby, exchanged blows with director Anthony Harvey and displayed erratic behaviour. He hadn't worked for two years as a result. However, Altman had faith in Gould and convinced Bick that he was perfect for the role. The studio not only made Gould do the requisite physical before approving his contract but they also demanded he undergo a psychological examination to prove that he was stable enough to make the movie.

Altman based his research for the film's screenplay not on the novel but on Raymond Chandler Speaking, a collection of letters. The director then had everyone who worked on the production read them as well. In an article entitled, "Robert Altman: American Innovator," he said of the collection of letters, "But he [Chandler] used this thread to hang about sixty thumbnail essays on, so the real interest in Raymond Chandler, to me, were those essays. We tightened the plot up; I dropped half the characters, probably; then I used that line to hang a bunch of film essays on." The most significant change that he and Brackett made was with the ending. She remembered, "The original ending, the one in the novel, was pretty inconclusive and didn't please any of us, so we thought we'd go for broke and see what happened."

Reaction

File:Long goodbye ver2.jpg

the re-release poster by Jack Davis

Initial reviews for the film were mixed and the box-office returns were poor, on account of the unconventional changes from the novel. Sight and Sound and The Film Quarterly attacked the depiction of Marlowe stating that "one can not satirize or destroy a hero image until one defines it" (Gerald Plecki, "Robert Altman"). Some critics objected to a 1970's Marlowe characterized differently by an ending changed from the book. Altman liked the new ending so much that he insisted on a clause in his contract that guaranteed the ending wouldn't be changed during production or editing. The act of cold violence and Gould's sloppy, boyish Marlowe was a clear attempt to distance the movie from Bogart's The Big Sleep. Other reviewers compared the film favorably to other Altman films. A New York Times review of the film, by critic Vincent Canby in 1973, noted "Don't be misled by the ads, The Long Goodbye is not a put-on. It's great fun and it's funny, but it's a serious, unique work." [1]

After early critical reaction to the film was so bad, United Artists pulled it from distribution, analyzing the scathing reviews for six months. They came to the conclusion that the ad campaign had been misleading. The studio had promoted Altman's film as a detective story with an emphasis on the names "Raymond Chandler" and "Philip Marlowe." The director decided that a new ad campaign "had to prepare audiences for a movie that satirizes Hollywood and the entire Chandler genre. So I went to Mad magazine and asked Jack Davis, the artist, to come up with a cartoon approach." United Artists spent $40,000 on a new campaign for the film's New York City premiere (where it did quite well) and for the rest of the country (where it continued to do poorly). The New York Times put Altman's film on their Ten Best List of the year and Vilmos Zsigmond won the National Society of Film Critics' award as Best Cinematographer.

With time The Long Goodbye was more widely accepted, regarded by one critic as "the Altman master work" (Gerald Plecki, "Robert Altman"). It currently boasts a 94% fresh consensus on Rotten Tomatoes

Trivia

• The film was analyzed by film critic Roger Ebert at the 2006 Conference on World Affairs in Boulder, Colorado, the source of some of this analysis.
• The actual plot deviates drastically from Raymond Chandler's novel Long Goodbye. Leigh Brackett took a few liberties when adapting the book into a screenplay. Marlowe killing his best friend Terry Lennox and the end of the film was a major departure from the book. The role of Sylvia Lennox's rich father was eliminated from the storyline for the film. Roger Wade's suicide was originally a murder in the novel. Marty Augustine is not in the novel, and his role and subplots were added specifically for the film.
• Nina Van Pallandt plays Eileen Wade; she became famous as the mistress of hoaxer Clifford Irving, who was jailed when his biography of Howard Hughes was exposed as a fraud. This was her first English-language film.
• The film pokes fun at Hollywood stereotypes, opening and closing with a 1950s-sounding version of Hooray for Hollywood — in the opening shot old art of the Hollywood Hills is shown, and the camera pans to Marlowe, now in the 1970s. And Marlowe ("Rip Van Marlowe"), a relic of the 1940s transplanted to the 1970s, is the only character to smoke in the film. Marlowe himself refers to the artifice when talking to the cops: "Is this where I'm supposed to say 'What's all this about?' and he says 'Shut up, I ask the questions'?"
• The film is often washed out, with weak colors. Altman and his cinematographer, Vilmos Zsigmond, partially exposed the negatives. Many shots were through windows or (in at least one scene) a cage, often reflected in windows.
• In one scene of the movie Marlowe says that he is going to "call Ronald Reagan", who was then governor of California - and future actor and California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger appears in a minor role during the following scene as one of Augustine's hoods, wearing a red shirt and tan pants.
• There is a small reference to The Maltese Falcon in one scene; when Marlowe is talking to Eileen Wade a green Maltese Falcon is seen as a lampshade in the background. Another small reference is to Tokyo Story, seen in a reflection as a flash while Marlowe is going to the hospital in an ambulance — both are very quick, and easy to miss. There is also a reference to Altman's movie McCabe & Mrs. Miller near the end of the film, where the songbook Songs of Leonard Cohen is displayed in the background. Several of the songs printed in that book were featured in McCabe.
• The final scene, down to the music, bears a strong resemblance to the final scene of The Third Man, as Terry Lennox's final speech to Marlowe bears a resemblance to Orson Welles famed cynical "cuckoo clock" ad-lib in The Third Man, pointed out by Roger Ebert at the 2006 Conference on World Affairs.
• There is argument about what the title, "The Long Goodbye," refers to. It could be Terry Lennox, or it could be the entire hard-boiled detective genre of movies.
• Originally Dan Blocker, who played the character of Hoss in Bonanza and was a close friend of Robert Altman was chosen to play the character of Roger Wade, but he died before filming began. The film is dedicated to Dan Blocker.
• The soundtrack of the film consists of two songs, the aforementioned Hooray for Hollywood and a song titled The Long Goodbye, composed by John Williams. Each time the song is used it is played in a very different arrangement and instrumentation, from hippie chant to store muzak, making it at times almost unrecognizable.

Featured cast

Actor	Role
Elliott Gould	Philip Marlowe
Nina Van Pallandt	Eileen Wade
Sterling Hayden	Roger Wade
Mark Rydell	Marty Augustine
Henry Gibson	Dr. Verringer
David Arkin	Harry
Jim Bouton	Terry Lennox

Quotes

• "I tell you what we're gonna do, Marlboro. You're gonna take that goddamn J.C. Penney tie off and we're gonna have an old fashioned man to man drinking party." "Well, that's okay but I'm not taking off the tie." (Roger Wade and Marlowe)
• "It's okay with me."(Marlowe's mantra, stated many times throughout the film)

External links

• The Long Goodbye at IMDb
• The Long Goodbye at RogerEbert.com