Tristan albatross
| Tristan albatross | |
|---|---|
.jpg)
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | D. dabbenena
|
| Binomial name | |
| Diomedea dabbenena | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Diomedea exulans dabbenena(Mathews, 1929)[2] | |
The Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) is a large seabird from the albatross family. One of the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea, it was only widely recognised as a full species in 1998.[3]
Taxonomy
Albatrosses belong to the family Diomedeidae of the order Procellariiformes, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns, although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates. Albatrosses also produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[4]
While not all scientists believe it is a full species with some retaining it as a subspecies of the wandering albatross, a 2004 study of the mitochondrial DNA of the wandering albatross species complex[5] supported the split. Other studies have shown it to be the most genetically distinct member of the wandering albatross superspecies.[6] This may be due to it diverging from their common ancestor before all its relatives, or because it underwent particularly strong genetic drift. Among the major experts, BirdLife International has split this species,[7] Jeff Clements has not yet,[8] and the SACC has a proposal on the table to split it.[9]
Etymology
Diomedea antipodensis breaks into Diomedea referring to Diomedes, whose companions turned to birds.[10]
Description
It is practically indistinguishable from the wandering albatross at sea; the Tristan albatross is smaller and has a slightly darker back. The Tristan albatross is 110 cm (43 in)[clarification needed][11] and has a wingspan of up to 3.05 m (10.0 ft).[citation needed] The Tristan albatross also never attains the full white plumage of the wandering albatross, and its bill is about 25 mm (0.98 in) shorter.[7]
Behavior
The Tristan albatross feeds on fish and cephalopods.
They breed biennially and will nest in wet heath from 400 to 700 m (1,300–2,300 ft) in elevation.[7] They are monogamous, and don't start breeding until they are about 10 years old.[4]
Range and habitat
Due to the difficulty in distinguishing them from wandering albatrosses, their distribution at sea is still not fully known, but the use of satellite tracking has shown that they forage widely in the South Atlantic, with males foraging west of the breeding islands towards South America and females to the east towards Africa. There have been sightings near Brazil and also off the coast of Australia.[7]
Tristan albatrosses are endemic to the islands of the Tristan da Cunha group and more specifically Gough Island. The majority of the world's population nest on Gough Island, around 1500 pairs. On some years a pair breeds on Inaccessible Island.
Conservation
They were formerly threatened by introduced species, rats, cats and pigs, but these have now been removed from their breeding islands. However, this resulted in the population of mice, Mus musculus, increasing to the point where they would eat and kill albatross chicks en masse.[12] Even though the chicks are huge compared to the mice, they do not know how to defend themselves appropriately. Today the main threat to the species is believed to be long-line fishing and these mice. Recent counts suggest that the population on Gough has decreased by 28% over 46 years, whereas population modelling predicts annual decline rates of 2.9–5.3%. More recent modelling, conducted over three generations since 1980, suggests a decline equivalent to a >96% reduction over in population size over three generations, since declines began. The rate of decline is therefore placed here in the band of 80–100% over three generations (86 years).[7]
Formerly classified as an endangered species by the IUCN,[13] it was suspected to be more threatened than generally assumed and undergoing a marked decline. Following the evaluation of its status, this was found to be correct, and the Tristan albatross was consequently uplisted to Critically Endangered status in 2008.[1] They have an occurrence range of 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 80 km2 (31 sq mi).[7]
Footnotes
- ^ a b "Diomedea dabbenena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. IUCN: e.T22728364A79003664. 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b BirdLife International (2008b)
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn, G. B. (1998)
- ^ a b Double, M. C. (2003)
- ^ Burg & Croxall (2004)
- ^ Brooke, M. (2004)
- ^ a b c d e f BirdLife International (2008a)
- ^ Clements, J. (2007)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2009)
- ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
- ^ http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Diomedea_dabbenena/more_info.html?
- ^ Wanless, R. M. et al., (7 June 2007)
- ^ Lee, J. (2008)
References
- BirdLife International (2008a). "Tristan Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- BirdLife International (2008b). "The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources" (xls). Retrieved 18 Feb 2009. [dead link]
- Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- Burg, T.M. & Croxall, J.P. (2004): Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex. Molecular Ecology 13: 2345-2355.doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02232.x PMID 15245406
- Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Double, M. C. (2003). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 113–116. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 190. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
- Lee, James (6 Oct 2008). "Table 7: Species changing IUCN Red List Status" (PDF). IUCN RedList. BirdLife International. Archived from the original (pdf) on March 6, 2009. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (7 Aug 2008). "Proposal (388) to South American Classification Committee: Split Diomedea exulans into four species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy of albatrosses". Albatross Biology and Conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons Ltd. pp. 13–19.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|separator=,|chapterurl=,|laysummary=, and|lastauthoramp=(help) - Wanless, Ross M.; Angel, Andrea; Cuthbert, Richard J.; Hilton, Geoff M.; Ryan, Peter G. (7 June 2007). "Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions?". Biology Letters. 3 (3): 241–244. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0120. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2464706. PMID 17412667.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help)