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Trouble at a Tavern

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Sculpture of Dafydd ap Gwilym by W. Wheatley Wagstaff in Cardiff City Hall.

"Trouble at a Tavern", or "Trouble at an Inn" (Welsh: Trafferth mewn Tafarn), is a short poem by the 14th-century Welsh poet Dafydd ap Gwilym, in which the poet comically narrates the mishaps which prevent him from keeping a midnight assignation with a girl. Dafydd is widely seen as the greatest of the Welsh poets,[1][2][3][4] and this is one of his best-known poems.[5][6] It has been described as "glorious farce",[7] "one of Dafydd ap Gwilym's funniest and most celebrated cywyddau",[8] and "the most vivid of [his] poems of incident".[9]

Synopsis

Arriving at a "choice city"[10] the poet finds lodging at an inn, where he meets an attractive girl. He wines and dines her, then arranges to meet her later that night. When everyone is asleep he makes his move, but stumbles over a stool in the darkness, and in getting up knocks over a table from which a brass bowl falls. The noise of all this, and of the dogs who have started barking, awakens three English tinkers called Hickin, Jenkin and Jack. They raise the alarm, believing that some Welsh thief is after their belongings. The ostler rouses the other guests, but the poet, hunted for on all hands, manages with the help of fervent prayer to reach his own bed undiscovered. He ends by asking God's forgiveness.

Setting

Several allusions in the poem demonstrate Dafydd's close personal knowledge of tavern life and tavern drinks. Since such taverns were especially common in the Norman settlements in Wales it may be that the poem is set in such a town.[11] It is widely conjectured that the town in the poem is Newborough, Anglesey, a borough established by the Crown to house the inhabitants of Llanfaes, who had been cleared from their village to facilitate the building of Beaumaris Castle. Dafydd must certainly known Newborough, since he wrote a poem in its praise.[8][11][12][13]

Style

"Trouble at a Tavern" is written in an jerky, excited, abrupt style, and is characterised by the use of interjections and sangiadau, or words introduced in unsyntactical places. This technique is much used in the stricter Welsh metres and is well suited to a narrative poem full of incident, tending to point up the comic anarchy of the action. The poem is full of innuendo, allowing more than one reading of its words.[14][15][16]

Themes and influences

The theme of the poet's misadventures in love is a very common one in Dafydd's work.[8] As the novelist and scholar Gwyn Jones wrote:

No lover in any language, and certainly no poet, has confessed to missing the mark more often than Dafydd ap Gwilym. Uncooperative husbands, quick-triggered alarms, crones and walls, strong locks, floods and fogs and bogs and dogs are for ever interposing themselves between him and golden-haired Morfudd, black-browed Dyddgu, or Gwen the infinitely fair.[17]

"Trouble at a Tavern"'s similarity to other poems by Dafydd with the same theme has enabled modern editors to attribute the poem securely to him, in spite of the fact that it survives in no manuscript from earlier than the late 16th century.[18] The poem's mockery also extends to the English interlopers in Wales, and at least one reader has complained of its racial prejudice on that account. But the critic Tony Conran sees "Trouble at a Tavern" as being not just a comic romp but a poem shot through with multiple layers of irony, most notably in its hints that the Welsh hero is playing at being an Anglo-Norman lordling, and therefore getting a justified comeuppance. He also sees the possibility in the poem's final pious words of an ironic irreverence towards God himself.[19]

Dafydd may have derived the theme of sexual comedy from the fabliaux, rollicking tales in verse of a type which originated in France and spread across Europe, though he differs from them in making the poet himself the butt of the story.[8] In that case there would be little or no reason to suppose the poem autobiographical.[20][12] Alternatively, he could have been influenced in this respect by the works of Ovid, of Chaucer, or of the goliards.[21] It has also been argued that the poem was based on the form of medieval morality tale known as exemplum,[22] or that it was intended as a parody of the chivalric romance.[23]

English translations

  • Bell, H. Idris; Bell, David (1942). Fifty Poems. Y Cymmrodor, vol. 48. London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. pp. 229, 231, 233. Retrieved 2 July 2015. With the Middle Welsh original in parallel text.
  • Bromwich, Rachel, ed. (1985) [1982]. Dafydd ap Gwilym: A Selection of Poems. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 142, 144. ISBN 0140076131. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help) With the Middle Welsh original in parallel text.
  • Clancy, Joseph P. (1965). Medieval Welsh Lyrics. London: Macmillan. pp. 24–26. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  • Conran, Anthony, ed. (1967). The Penguin Book of Welsh Verse. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 142–144.
  • Heseltine, Nigel, ed. (1968) [1944]. Twenty-Five Poems by Dafydd ap Gwilym. Banbury: Piers Press. pp. 28–30.
  • Humphries, Rolfe. In Rowe, David, ed. (1995). The House of Leaves. Newydd Emlyn, Dyfed: Gweithdy’r Gair. pp. 24–26. ISBN 0952462605. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  • Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone, ed. (1971) [1951]. A Celtic Miscellany. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 210–211. ISBN 0140442472.
  • Johnston, Dafydd. At "English Translation: 73 - Trafferth mewn Tafarn website=Gwaith Dafydd ap Gwilym". Welsh Department, Swansea University. Retrieved 25 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  • Lofmark, Carl (1989). Bards and Heroes. Felinferch: Llanerch. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0947992340. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  • Loomis, Richard Morgan, ed. (1982). Dafydd ap Gwilym: The Poems. Binghamton: Center for Medieval & Early Renaissance Studies. pp. 230–231. ISBN 0866980156. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
    • Repr. in Wilhelm, James J., ed. (1990). Lyrics of the Middle Ages. New York: Garland. pp. 275–276. ISBN 0824070496. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
    • Repr. in Loomis, Richard; Johnston, Dafydd (1992). Medieval Welsh Poems. Binghamton: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0866981020.
  • Thomas, Gwyn, ed. (2001). Dafydd ap Gwilym: His Poems. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN 0708316646. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  • Williams, Gwyn, ed. (1976). To Look for a Word. Llandysul: Gomer Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0850883563. Retrieved 25 June 2015.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Volume 5. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 1770. ISBN 1851094407. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  2. ^ Bromwich 1979, p. 112.
  3. ^ Baswell, Christopher; Schotter, Anne Howland, eds. (2006). The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Volume 1A: The Middle Ages (3rd ed.). New York: Pearson Longman. p. 608. ISBN 0321333977.
  4. ^ Kinney, Phyllis (2011). Welsh Traditional Music. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780708323571. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  5. ^ Conran, Anthony (1992). "The redhead on the castle wall: Dafydd ap Gwilym's "Yr Wylan" ("The Seagull")". Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion: 21. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  6. ^ Roberts 2008, p. 442.
  7. ^ Conran 1967, p. 60. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFConran1967 (help)
  8. ^ a b c d Stephens 1986, p. 594.
  9. ^ Bromwich 1979, p. 131.
  10. ^ Clancy 1965, p. 24. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFClancy1965 (help)
  11. ^ a b Bromwich 1985, p. 159. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBromwich1985 (help)
  12. ^ a b Johnston 2012, p. 108.
  13. ^ Walker, David (1999) [1990]. Medieval Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 158. ISBN 0521311535. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  14. ^ Stephens 1986, pp. 594, 544.
  15. ^ Bromwich 1974, p. 62.
  16. ^ Clancy 1965, p. 13. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFClancy1965 (help)
  17. ^ Jones, Gwyn, ed. (1977). The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 0192118587.
  18. ^ Johnston, Dafydd (2007). "Authorship" (PDF). Gwaith Dafydd ap Gwilym. Welsh Department, Swansea University. pp. 5, 7. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  19. ^ Conran 1967, pp. 60–62. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFConran1967 (help)
  20. ^ Bromwich 1985, p. xxiv. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBromwich1985 (help)
  21. ^ Bromwich 1974, pp. 2, 59–60.
  22. ^ Huws, Bleddyn Owen (2008). ""Drwg fydd tra awydd": Cywydd "Trafferth mewn Tafarn" Dafydd ap Gwilym a'r Bregeth Ganoloesol". Dwned. 14: 89–106.
  23. ^ Roberts 2008, p. 443.

References

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