User:CandyScythe/Copyright sandbox

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Paper trail[edit]

Marine construction[edit]

See Wikipedia:Copyright problems/2023 May 30

Source

Painting and coating of the steel members, where specified, should be carried out as far as practicable in the shop, under appropriate conditions of humidity and protection from extremes of weather. The joint surfaces should, of course, be masked to permit welding. Field coating of the joints and touchup of shop coats should be done only when the surfaces are dry and at the proper temperature. In some locations, portable tents or other protection will have to be provided. Heaters and/or dehumidifiers may be required.

Article

When reasonably practicable, painting and other coating of steel structure should be done in workshop conditions of appropriate humidity and protection from extremes of weather, and keeping joint surfaces clean for welding. Field coating of the joints and touchup of workshop applied coatings should be done only when the surfaces are clean, dry and at a suitable temperature. This may require temporary shelter to be erected, and heating or dehumidification may be required.

Unencyclopedic HOWTO tone is inherited from the source.

Marine salvage - 16th to 18th centuries[edit]

Bells, Barrels and Bullion: Diving and Salvage in the Atlantic World, 1500 to 1800

The predictable yearly path of the flotas predictably led to shipwreck. The Spanish expected this, and formed salvage teams of native drivers in most major ports. [Marx 1990, 22] The ready availability of trained divers meant that the Spanish were very good at salvaging their lost valuables, and generally left very little for contemporary salvors to recover. Divers could be sent out on short notice as soon as a wreck was reported. Speed was of essence, since it was crucial to locate the wreck before it broke up and became unrecognizable. Salvors in the period 1500 to 1800 had difficulty in recovering cargo lost in highly dynamic enviroments, such as littoral zones with a rocky seabed. [Pecoraro 2007, 97] Unfortunately, ships often wrecked near shore in surf zones, whick mafe it difficult for drivers to manage their small craft and the use of diving bells impossible.

Article

The route of the annual Spanish treasure ship fleet predictably led to shipwreck. The Spanish were prepared for this, and set up salvage teams of local divers in most major ports along the route, so they were fairly efficient at salvaging their cargoes, and usually did not leave much for other contemporary salvors to recover. Divers were sent out as soon as a wreck was reported, so the wreck could be located before it broke up. During those years salvors found it difficult to recover cargo from highly dynamic environments like rocky lee shores, which were common sites for ships to be driven ashore. These areas were difficult for divers to work from their boats and the use of diving bells was usually impossible.

Police diving[edit]

Underwater Crime-Scene Response Part 1 of 2: Underwater Investigative Teams

Source from NCJRS Abstracts Database [1], but probably not PD. (no attribution in any case)

There is a common misconception that submerged evidence lacks the forensic value of evidence found topside. There have been numerous cases where submerged items have yielded identifiable blood evidence, fingerprints, hair and fiber evidence, and other trace evidence. There are many merits and benefits to fielding an underwater investigation team; however doing it right requires extensive planning, administrative tasks, and budget considerations. The working environment for the underwater investigator consists of diving in a quarry, dirty river, raw-sewage facility, or a host of other less than hospitable environments. Depending on the location, there are volunteer teams, teams made up of fire and rescue personnel, law enforcement teams, and in some cases a collaboration of all of the above. There are many different theories and operational plans that outline the makeup of an underwater investigation team with the minimum requiring a team leader or commander, line tenders (above water eyes and ears for forensic divers), and divers (recommend a minimum of two). It is highly suggested that all members of an agency dive team be fulltime, trained members of that agency for liability, training, and policy and procedure purposes. Many times the required minimum certification is a recreational certification. All applicants should be required to pass a thorough and appropriate medical physical to verify their ability to perform tasks. It is important that members of the underwater investigation team be properly trained up front, and subsequently trained in matters of crime scene documentation and processing methods in an underwater environment.

Article

Submerged evidence can have similar forensic value to evidence found topside. Submerged items have been used as evidence in many cases where they have provided identifiable blood traces, fingerprints, hair and fibers, and other trace evidence. There are advantages to having an underwater investigation team available, but doing it well requires planning, administration, and an adequate budget. The working environment for the underwater investigator includes a range of contaminated and inhospitable sites. Depending on the location, the teams may contain volunteers, firefighting and rescue personnel, or law enforcement personnel, and in some cases a collaboration of all of these. It is preferable that all members of an agency dive team be full-time, trained members of that agency for reasons of liability, training, policy and procedures. In some jurisdictions the required minimum certification is a recreational certification, in others an occupational qualification and registration may be stipulated. All members should be medically fit to dive, properly trained and competent to perform the tasks they may be assigned, and trained in matters of crime scene documentation and evidence handling and processing in an underwater environment.

Investigation of diving accidents[edit]

Investigating Recreational and Commercial Diving Accidents

There are numerous types of accidents that can cause death or serious injury to divers. They include drowning, lung over-pressure incidents, carbon monoxide poisoning, encounters with boats, and decompression sickness. In many cases, these factors may be combined, but the final cause of death will be attributed to a single cause. Other physiological factors may also cause diving accidents. These include hyperoxia (too high a level of oxygen), hypothermia and squeezes. These factors may all be primary causes of diving accidents. Factors that may trigger a diving accident include hypothermia, nitrogen narcosis, dehydration, high breathing resistance, and exhaustion.

Article

A wide range of physiological factors may trigger or contribute towards a diving accident. The causes of death or serious injury in diving accidents include drowning, lung overpressure accidents, decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning and trauma due to impact with boats. These are usually the final effect and may be combined, though the usually the cause of death is attributed to just one of the causes. Acute oxygen toxicity, hypoxia, hypothermia and squeezes (barotrauma) may also be primary causes of diving accidents. Physiological triggering events that may lead to a diving accident, but are not generally the direct cause of death include nitrogen narcosis, dehydration, exhaustion, hypothermia, excessive work of breathing, motion sickness and the effects of alcohol and recreational drugs.

Checklist[edit]

Source

Legibility of print or discriminability involves the proper selection of alphanumeric characters to enable the reader to identify them quickly and positively from other letters or characters. Readability relates to the quality of the word or text to allow rapid recognition of a single word, word groups, abbreviations, or symbols.

Article

Legibility of text involves the selection of characters to enable the reader to identify them quickly and positively discriminate them from other characters. Readability is the quality of the word or text which allows rapid recognition of single words, word groups, abbreviations, and symbols.

Source

Today there are thousands of typefaces or fonts available. Two major groups of fonts are applicable to flight deck documents: Roman and sans-serif. [...] Research has shown that sans-serif is more legible than Roman. The absence of serifs presents a more simple and clean typeface. Arial or Helvetica are preferred.

Article

Thousands of fonts are available, in two major groups: Roman (with serifs) and sans-serif. Research has shown that sans-serif is more legible than Roman as the absence of serifs presents simple and clean typeface. Arial or Helvetica are preferred.

Extended content

Guidance on the Design, Presentation and Use of Emergency and Abnormal Checklists

Typical error conditions found during use of Emergency and Abnormal Checklists include:
Completing the wrong checklist.

Difficulty in finding a checklist.

Given the symptoms there is difficulty in confirming that the checklist is appropriate to the condition.

Becoming disoriented within the checklist.

Difficulty in confirming that the checklist action was carried out correctly.

Inadvertently skipping a step.

Forgetting to complete a step after an interruption.

Problems in understanding and interpreting the checklist.

Difficulty in following a conditional statement.

Difficulty in reading a checklist.

Difficulty in determining who should be carrying out the checklist actions.

Failing to complete a checklist.

Article

Error conditions that may occur include:
Using the wrong checklist.

Difficulty in finding the right checklist.

Difficulty in confirming that the checklist is the right one for the situation.

Losing track of where one is in the checklist.

Missing a step or not completing a step after an interruption.

Misunderstanding the action required by the checklist.

Difficulty in confirming that an action required by the checklist was done correctly.

Difficulty in finding the next step after a conditional statement.

Difficulty in reading a checklist.

Lack of clarity about who should carry out a checklist action.

Failing to complete the checklist.

False Bay[edit]

Simulating the Coastal Ocean Circulation Near the Cape Peninsula Using a Coupled Numerical Model (No attribution)

The first of these is a clockwise rotation, observed mostly during summer and driven by the frequent south-easterly winds. This pattern was further observed by Ref. [35], and modelled by Ref. [22]. The circulation within the Bay under these conditions is partially set up by west-north-westerly flow south of the Bay splitting at Cape Point, with the northerly arm then establishing equatorward flow along the western shores [8,18,33]. The frequency of south-easterly winds results in this clockwise regime dominating [33,35]. Ref. [35] qualified this pattern by noting poleward motion at Cape Point, which prevented true cyclonic motion over the whole Bay. The second is an anti-clockwise rotation in response to north-westerly winds, with an eastwards current flowing south of the Bay entering at Cape Hangklip [9,33,35]. The third and fourth patterns arise from tidal forcing during outgoing and incoming tides respectively. They are permitted to develop in the absence of strong wind forcing [8,33], with fairly uniform northward flow during incoming tides, southward flow during outgoing tides, and bathymetric steering in shallow regions. Ref. [35] found tides to generate currents along the perimeter of the Bay and in the shallowing northern reaches between Simonstown and Gordon’s Bay.

Article

A clockwise rotation driven by the south-easterly winds mostly occurs during summer. This circulation is partly set up by west-north-westerly flow south of the bay splitting at Cape Point. The northerly component sets up flow towards the equator on the western shores. South-easterly winds cause this clockwise pattern to dominate. North-westerly winds cause an anti-clockwise circulation, with an eastward current flowing south of the Bay and entering at Cape Hangklip. When there is no strong wind forcing, tidal forcing can occur on the incoming and outgoing tides. A fairly uniform northward flow occurs during flooding tides, and southward during ebbing tides, with bathymetry affecting the flow direction in shallow areas. These currents are most noticeable along the coastline and in the shallow northern parts of the bay between Simon's Town and Gordon's Bay.

Extended content

The first of these is a clockwise rotation, observed mostly during summer and driven by the frequent south-easterly winds.
A clockwise rotation driven by the south-easterly winds mostly occurs during summer.

The circulation within the Bay under these conditions is partially set up by west-north-westerly flow south of the Bay splitting at Cape Point
This circulation is partly set up by west-north-westerly flow south of the bay splitting at Cape Point.

with the northerly arm then establishing equatorward flow along the western shores"
The northerly component sets up flow towards the equator on the western shores.

The frequency of south-easterly winds results in this clockwise regime dominating
South-easterly winds cause this clockwise pattern to dominate.

The second is an anti-clockwise rotation in response to north-westerly winds, with an eastwards current flowing south of the Bay entering at Cape Hangklip
North-westerly winds cause an anti-clockwise circulation, with an eastward current flowing south of the Bay and entering at Cape Hangklip

The third and fourth patterns arise from tidal forcing during outgoing and incoming tides respectively.
When there is no strong wind forcing, tidal forcing can occur on the incoming and outgoing tides.

with fairly uniform northward flow during incoming tides, southward flow during outgoing tides, and bathymetric steering in shallow regions.
A fairly uniform northward flow occurs during flooding tides, and southward during ebbing tides, with bathymetry affecting the flow direction in shallow areas.

Ref. [35] found tides to generate currents along the perimeter of the Bay and in the shallowing northern reaches between Simonstown and Gordon’s Bay.
These currents are most noticeable along the coastline and in the shallow northern parts of the bay between Simon's Town and Gordon's Bay.