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User:Csanherz/Body dysmorphic disorder

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Evaluation:

Tone is informal and awkward at times; it has plenty of citations; the history, treatment, and diagnosis sections are small.


Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), occasionally still called dysmorphophobia, is a mental disorder characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and therefore warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.[1] In BDD's delusional variant, the flaw is imagined.[2] If the flaw is actual, its importance is severely exaggerated.[2] Either way, thoughts about it are pervasive and intrusive, and may occupy several hours a day, causing severe distress and impairing one’s otherwise normal activities. BDD is classified as a somatoform disorder and the DSM-5 categorizes BDD in the obsessive–compulsive spectrum, and distinguishes it from anorexia nervosa. [3]

BDD is estimated to affect from 0.7% to 2.4% of the population.[2] It usually starts during adolescence and affects both men and women.[2][4] The BDD subtype muscle dysmorphia, perceiving the body as too small, affects mostly males.[5] Besides thinking about it, one repetitively checks and compares the perceived flaw, and can adopt unusual routines to avoid social contact that exposes it.[2] Fearing the stigma of vanity, one usually hides the preoccupation.[2] Commonly unsuspected even by psychiatrists, BDD has been underdiagnosed.[2] Severely impairing quality of life via educational and occupational dysfunction and social isolation, BDD has high rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts at suicide.[2]

History[edit]

In 1886, Enrico Morselli reported a disorder that he termed dysmorphophobia, which described the disorder as a feeling of being ugly even though there does not appear to be anything wrong with the person's appearance.[6][7] In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association recognized the disorder, while categorizing it as an atypical somatoform disorder, in the third edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).[8] Classifying it as a distinct somatoform disorder, the DSM-III's 1987 revision switched the term to body dysmorphic disorder.[8]

Treatment[edit]

Medication[edit]

Anti-depressant medication, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are considered effective.[9][10][11] SSRIs can help relieve obsessive-compulsive and delusional traits, while cognitive-behavioral therapy can help patients recognize faulty thought patterns.[9] Before treatment, it can help to provide psychoeducation, as with self-help books and support websites.[9]

Self-improvement[edit]

Various forums in the manosphere suggest self-improvement via cosmetic surgery and other special routines in an attempt to fix the flaws that are perceived to be present.[12] For many people with BDD, however, cosmetic surgery does not work to alleviate the symptoms of BDD; it is recommended that cosmetic surgeons and psychiatrists work together in order to screen surgery patients to see if they suffer from BDD because the results of the surgery could be harmful for them. [13] ***


Signs and symptoms[edit]

Dislike of one's own appearance is common, but individuals who suffer from BDD have extreme go to the extreme and distress over misperceptions about their physical appearance.[3] Whereas vanity involves a quest to aggrandize the appearance, BDD is experienced as a quest to merely normalize the appearance.[14] Although delusional in about one of three cases, the appearance concern is usually non-delusional, an overvalued idea.[15]

The bodily area of focus can be nearly any, yet is commonly face, hair, stomach, thighs, or hips.[16] Some half dozen areas can be a roughly simultaneous focus. Multiple areas can be focused on simultaneously[14] Women tend to focus on their weight, hip size, and body hair, while men tend to focus on body build, size of their genitalia, and hair thinning.[17] Many seek dermatological treatment or cosmetic surgery, which typically do not resolve the distress.[14] On the other hand, attempts at self-treatment, as by skin picking, can create lesions where none previously existed.[14]


Diagnosis[edit]

Estimates of prevalence and gender distribution have varied widely via discrepancies in diagnosis and reporting.[18] In American psychiatry, BDD gained diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV, having been historically unrecognized, only making its first appearance in the DSM in 1987, but clinicians' knowledge of it, especially among general practitioners, is constricted.[19][17] Meanwhile, shame about having the bodily concern, and fear of the stigma of vanity, makes many hide even having the concern.[20][21]

Via shared symptoms, BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, or social phobia.[22][23] Social anxiety disorder and BDD are highly comorbid (within those with BDD, 12-68.8% also have SAD; within those with SAD, 4.8-12% also have BDD), developing similarly in patients from having a similar age of onset, chronic timelines, and cognitions (inputting information as negative); in some cultures, BDD is even classified as a subset of SAD by some researchers. [24] Correct diagnosis can depend on specialized questioning and correlation with emotional distress or social dysfunction.[25] Estimates place the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire's sensitivity at 100% (0% false negatives) and specificity at 92.5% (7.5% false positives).[26] BDD is also comorbid with eating disorders, up to 12% comorbidity in one study. Both eating and body dysmorphic disorders are concerned with physical appearance , but eating disorders tend to focus more on weight rather than one's general appearance. [27]*

BDD is classified as a somatoform disorder (like hypochondriasis, in which people are worried about an illness whereas with BDD, the person is worried about appearance), but researchers believe it is more like a mood or anxiety disorder, due to its high comorbidity with major depressive disorder.[3] It is important to treat people suffering from BDD as soon as possible because the person may have already been suffering for a long time and BDD has a high suicide rate, 2-12 times higher than the national average.[3][27]



*someone in the Talk page suggested moving the History section to the top of the page. I think that would be better.


To make better suggestions regarding changes you might consider making, I will need to know how your proposed edits fit into the context of the article you plan to edit. I would suggest bringing over a portion or all of the article you plan to edit to your sandbox. This will necessitate putting your additions/edits in distinctive font (e.g., italics, bold, underline) so that reviewers can see the changes you plan. (LIZ)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Cororve, Michelle; Gleaves, David (August 2001). "Body dysmorphic disorder: A review of conceptualizations, assessment, and treatment strategies". Clinical Psychology Review. 21 (6): 949–970. doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00075-1. PMID 11497214.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Bjornsson AS; Didie ER; Phillips KA (2010). "Body dysmorphic disorder". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 12 (2): 221–32. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.2/abjornsson. PMC 3181960. PMID 20623926.
  3. ^ a b c d Buhlmann, Ulrike; Reese, Hannah E.; Renaud, Stefanie; Wilhelm, Sabine (2008-03-01). "Clinical considerations for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy". Body Image. 5 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.12.002. ISSN 1740-1445.
  4. ^ Mufaddel Amir, Osman Ossama T, Almugaddam Fadwa, Jafferany Mohammad (2013). "A review of body dysmorphic disorder and Its presentation in different clinical settings". Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 15 (4). doi:10.4088/PCC.12r01464. PMC 3869603. PMID 24392251.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Katharine A Phillips, Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp 50–51.
  6. ^ Hunt TJ; Thienhaus O; Ellwood A (July 2008). "The mirror lies: Body dysmorphic disorder". American Family Physician. 78 (2): 217–22. PMID 18697504.
  7. ^ Carroll, Deirdre H.; Scahill, Larry; Phillips, Katharine A. (2002-04-01). "Current concepts in body dysmorphic disorder". Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 16 (2): 72–79. doi:10.1053/apnu.2002.32109. ISSN 0883-9417.
  8. ^ a b Mufaddel Amir, Osman Ossama T, Almugaddam Fadwa, Jafferany Mohammad (2013). "A review of body dysmorphic disorder and Its presentation in different clinical settings". Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 15 (4). doi:10.4088/PCC.12r01464. PMC 3869603. PMID 24392251.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Katharine A Phillips, "Body dysmorphic disorder: Recognizing and treating imagined ugliness", World Psychiatry, 2004 Feb;3(1):12-7.
  10. ^ Harrison, A.; Fernández de la Cruz, L.; Enander, J.; Radua, J.; Mataix-Cols, D. (2016). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Clinical Psychology Review. 48: 43–51. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.007. PMID 27393916.
  11. ^ Jc, Ipser; C, Sander; Dj, Stein (2009-01-21). "Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005332.pub2. PMC 7159283. PMID 19160252.
  12. ^ Cook, Jesselyn (2018-07-24). "Inside Incels' Looksmaxing Obsession: Penis Stretching, Skull Implants And Rage". HuffPost. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  13. ^ Bowyer, Laura; Krebs, Georgina; Mataix-Cols, David; Veale, David; Monzani, Benedetta (2016-12). "A critical review of cosmetic treatment outcomes in body dysmorphic disorder". Body Image. 19: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.07.001. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ a b c d Bjornsson AS; Didie ER; Phillips KA (2010). "Body dysmorphic disorder". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 12 (2): 221–32. PMC 3181960. PMID 20623926.
  15. ^ Mufaddel Amir, Osman Ossama T, Almugaddam Fadwa, Jafferany Mohammad (2013). "A review of body dysmorphic disorder and Its presentation in different clinical settings". Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 15 (4). doi:10.4088/PCC.12r01464. PMC 3869603. PMID 24392251.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Katharine A Phillips, "Body dysmorphic disorder: Recognizing and treating imagined ugliness", World Psychiatry, 2004 Feb;3(1):12-7.
  17. ^ a b Carroll, Deirdre H.; Scahill, Larry; Phillips, Katharine A. (2002-04-01). "Current concepts in body dysmorphic disorder". Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 16 (2): 72–79. doi:10.1053/apnu.2002.32109. ISSN 0883-9417.
  18. ^ Cororve, Michelle; Gleaves, David (August 2001). "Body dysmorphic disorder: A review of conceptualizations, assessment, and treatment strategies". Clinical Psychology Review. 21 (6): 949–970. doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00075-1. PMID 11497214.
  19. ^ Katharine A Phillips. The Broken Mirror. Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 39.
  20. ^ Bjornsson AS; Didie ER; Phillips KA (2010). "Body dysmorphic disorder". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 12 (2): 221–32. PMC 3181960. PMID 20623926.
  21. ^ Prazeres AM, Nascimento AL, Fontenelle LF (2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A review of its efficacy". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 9: 307–16. doi:10.2147/NDT.S41074. PMC 3589080. PMID 23467711.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ "Body Dysmorphic Disorder". Anxiety and Depression Association of America. Anxiety and Depression Association of America. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  23. ^ Katharine A Phillips. The Broken Mirror. Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 47.
  24. ^ Fang, Angela; Hofmann, Stefan G. (2010-12-01). "Relationship between social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder". Clinical Psychology Review. 30 (8): 1040–1048. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.001. ISSN 0272-7358.
  25. ^ Phillips, Katherine; Castle, David (November 3, 2001). "British Medical Journal". BMJ. 323 (7320): 1015–1016. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7320.1015. PMC 1121529. PMID 11691744.
  26. ^ Grant, Jon; Won Kim, Suck; Crow, Scott (2001). "Prevalence and Clinical Features of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adolescent and Adult Psychiatric Inpatients". J Clin Psychiatry. 62 (7): 517–522. doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n07a03. PMID 11488361.
  27. ^ a b Fang, Angela; Matheny, Natalie L.; Wilhelm, Sabine (2014-09). "Body Dysmorphic Disorder". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 37 (3): 287–300. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.003. ISSN 0193-953X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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