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City Population
Largest cities of Foo, 2009 Census
City Population
City1
540,921
City2
194,343
City3
190,414
City4
134,669
City5
114,983

Volcanic Explosivity Index

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The Global Volcanism Program has assigned a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) to all except five of Kīlauea's ninety-five known eruptions of the last 11,700 years. The eruption of 1790 has a VEI of 4. The eruptions of 1820, 1924, 1959 and 1960 have a VEI of 2. The eruptions of 680, 1050, 1490, 1500, 1610, 1868, four eruptions in 1961 and the current eruption since 1983 have a VEI of 1. The other seventy-four eruptions have a VEI of 0.

Volcanic Explosivity Index for Kīlauea
VEI Number of Holocene eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned (total=90)
VEI 0
74
VEI 1
11
VEI 2
4
VEI 3
0
VEI 4
1

According to the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, Vesuvius has had 54 confirmed "eruptive periods" during the Holocene Epoch (the last 11,700 years). A volcanic explosivity index (VEI) has been assigned to all but one of these eruptive periods.

Volcanic explosivity index for Vesuvius
VEI Number of Holocene eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned (total=53)
VEI 0
2
VEI 1
2
VEI 2
7
VEI 3
29
VEI 4
8
VEI 5
5

Location map tests

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Location of Chicxulub crater, Mexico
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Location of Chicxulub crater, Mexico
GeoWriter/sandbox3 is located in Greenland
Greenland's Grand Canyon
Greenland's Grand Canyon
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Location of Greenland's Grand Canyon
GeoWriter/sandbox3 is located in North America
Greenland's Grand Canyon
Greenland's Grand Canyon
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Location of Greenland's Grand Canyon
GeoWriter/sandbox3 is located in Africa
Angola Basin
Angola Basin
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Location of Angola Basin
GeoWriter/sandbox3 is located in South America
Fueguino
Fueguino
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Location of Fueguino at the tip of South America
GeoWriter/sandbox3 is located in Southern Patagonia
Fueguino
Fueguino
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Location of Fueguino near the southern tip of South America
Location of Tonga (red dot). The volcano is conjectured to be between Tonga and Indonesia (to the left).

Darwin Rise location map

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Darwin Rise is located in Pacific Ocean
Darwin Rise
Darwin Rise
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Location in the Pacific Ocean


Mid-Urals Ring Structure

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Mid-Urals Ring Structure is located in European Russia
Mid-Urals Ring Structure
Mid-Urals Ring Structure
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Location in Russia

Lake District location map

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Lake District is located in England
Lake District
Lake District
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Location in England

McDonald Islands location map

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McDonald Islands is located in Indian Ocean
McDonald Islands
McDonald Islands
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Location in the Indian Ocean

Danube Canyon location map

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Danube Canyon is located in Europe
Danube Canyon
Danube Canyon
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Location in Europe

Cheddar Gorge location map

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Cheddar Gorge is located in England
Cheddar Gorge
Cheddar Gorge
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Location in England
Cheddar Gorge is located in the United Kingdom
Cheddar Gorge
Cheddar Gorge
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Location in the United Kingdom


Volcanic Explosivity Index

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The Global Volcanism Program has assigned a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) to all of Mount Etna's eruptions since January 1955.

Volcanic Explosivity Index for Mount Etna since January 1955
VEI Number of eruptions (total=49)
VEI 0
1
VEI 1
17
VEI 2
24
VEI 3
7

Igneous rocks Template

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Mohs hardness of moldavite

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There seems to be lots of disagreement about the Mohs hardness of moldavite. Here are some of the Mohs hardness values and their sources:

mohs hardness of moldavite
Source Mohs hardness Reference Comments
Gemdat.org 5.5 [1]
The Drilling Manual (5th edition)edited by Australian Drilling Industry Training Committee Limited, page 607 5.5 [2]
Gemmology by Peter G. Read, page 300 5.5 [3]
Gemstones of the World by Walter Schumann, page 246 5.5 [4]
Correlation of some physical and chemical properties of moldavites by V. Bouška and P. Povondra, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 28, 1964, pages 783-791 between 6.5 and 7 [5][6]
Australian Museum 6-7 [7] Hardness value is actually for tektites; moldavites are a type of tektite

Geothermal gradient

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25-30°C per km = 25–30 °C (45–54 °F) (°F per km). Convert from km to mi by multiplying 1.6093 = 40.2–48.3 °C (72–87 °F) (°F per mi).


Hoodoo Mountain - Featured Article review

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Geography

Biogeography

"Forests grow on the lower slopes of Hoodoo Mountain except for its northeastern flank where rock and ice are dominant. Much of this forest cover lies at elevations below 900 metres (3,000 feet)."

I suggest these two sentences should be moved/merged into the preceding paragraph which mentions the forests, rock, ice and valley bottoms.

Climate

"Hoodoo Mountain has a maritime glacial climate".

Is “maritime glacial climate” a recognized valid climate type? Or is it actually a maritime climate but glaciers also happen to be in the region (as a coincidence)?


Geology

Background

"Other volcanic formations, notably subglacial volcanoes, take their shape from ...". A subglacial volcano is a landform not a formation.

What is the relationship/hierarchy of Stikine subprovince and Iskut volcanic field?

Iskut Volcanic Field has 8 centres (Hoodoo Mountain being one of those centres), but it seems that of these 8 centres, only Hoodoo Mountain is a NCVP centre? Are the other 7 centres of Iskut not regarded as NCVP centres?

Stikine subprovince "consists of three other volcanic centres" should be changed to "includes three other volcanic centres" or "has three other volcanic centres".

I think it would be helpful to clarify the meaning of "volcanic centre" compared to "volcanic field".

Structure

"It has a basal diameter of around 6 kilometres (3.7 miles), a maximum volume of 17.3 cubic kilometres (4.2 cubic miles)" – what is the significance of "maximum"? Why not only "volume"?

"Hoodoos, needle-like rock formations after which the volcano is named" – I suggest that "spire" or "pillar" would be better than "needle-like".

"The lower set of cliffs delimit the base of the volcano except for its southeastern margin where they have been partially overrun by younger lava flows. They are 100 to 200 metres (330 to 660 feet) high and form a broad bench" – I think the "they" in "They are 100 to 200 metres ..." should be clarified – I think this refers to the cliffs not the younger lava flows?

"the glassy chemical composition of the lava" – glassy is not a chemical composition - "chemical composition" should be changed to "glassy texture".

"The Southwest Flow is a large composite lava flow" - "composite lava flow” should be defined.

Volcanic history

"Some tephra layers in northern British Columbia may have been deposited by Hoodoo Mountain." Is this summarising the later paragraph about tephra at Dease Lake, Finlay River and Bob Quinn Lake? Without mentioning those locations in this summary paragraph, it reads oddly because Hoodoo Mountain is itself in northern British Columbia. I think it could be improved by adding a mention of how far away (in kilometres) from Hoodoo Mountain this tephra may have reached.

"Hoodoo has also been designated as a subglacial volcano due to much of the mountain having formed subglacially in the last 100,000 years." Did anything geologically or volcanically significant happen 100,000 to 85,000 years ago? If not, why mention 100,000 years? Elsewhere in the text, 85,000 years is mentioned: "The first eruptive period 85,000 years ago" and "The primary rock types comprising the volcano are phonolite and trachyte, which were deposited during six periods of eruptive activity beginning about 85,000 years ago".

Eruptive periods

Image of eruptive periods (File:Hoodoo Mountain eruptive periods.png): I suggest that ice is changed from blue (the traditional colour of liquid water in diagrams) to white (the traditional colour of ice in diagrams). Hoodoo Mountain is, after all, a subglacial volcano not submarine volcano.

"These volcanic deposits are mainly exposed on Hoodoo's southwestern and northwestern flanks": "Hoodoo’s" is too informal. I suggest it should be changed to "“Hoodoo Mountain's".

"devitrified glass with heterolithic clasts": Heterolithic should be defined.

"Lava flows on the north–central flank display radially-oriented cooling joints" – perhaps explain the significance of radial joints (as has been done with the horizontal joints in an earlier paragraph).

Tephra layers

I think it would be helpful to give some indication of the distances from Hoodoo Mountain to Dease Lake, Finlay River and Bob Quinn Lake.

Monitoring and volcanic hazards

This is geological subject and should become a subsection of the Geology section.

Notes

Several terms are both wikilinked in the main text and defined in the Notes section. Why? Wikilinks (and/or very brief inline definitions in parentheses) are usually sufficient. Why are only these several terms and not ‘’every’’ wikilinked word defined in the Notes section? I suggest these notes should be removed.

If the notes are kept, note 1 mentions "silicium" (which is copied from the cited source – perhaps the author/publisher forgot to translate it from another language e.g. French or German). In English, however, silicium seems to be an obsolete name for silicon (according to e.g. Collins English Dictionary) – "silicium" should be replaced by "silicon" – I suppose the same cited source reference could be used but a better source using “silicon” can be found easily.

— GeoWriter (talk) 21:13, 28 October 2021 (UTC)


IMA Mineral name abbreviations

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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anorthite&oldid=1055555462

Canary Islands eruptions table

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Volcanic eruptions in the Canary Islands
Island Holocene (last 11,700 years) Modern Era (since c. 1480) Modern Era eruption dates Notes Reference
La Palma 14 8 1481, 1585, 1646, 1677–1678, 1712, 1949, 1971, 2021 [8]
El Hierro 4 1 2011–2012 [9]
La Gomera 0 0 —— [10]
Tenerife 42 5 1492, 1704, 1706, 1798, 1909 [11]
Gran Canaria 11 0 —— [12]
Fuerteventura 0 0 —— No specific confirmed Holocene eruptions but Holocene eruptions are inferred by freshness of lava and volcanic landforms [13]
Lanzarote 4 2 1730–1736, 1824 [14]

Ordovician regional series and stages table

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Ordovician regional series and stages[citation needed]
ICS series ICS stage British series British stage North American series North American stage Australian series Australian stage Chinese series Chinese stage
Upper Ordovician Hirnantian Ashgill Hirnantian Cincinnati Gamach Upper Ordovician Bolinda Late Ordovician Hirnantian
Katian Rawthey Richmond Chientangkiang
Cautley Maysville Easton Neichiashan
Pusgill Eden
Caradoc Strefford Mohawk Chatfield
Cheney
Sandbian Burrell Turin Gisborne
Aureluc Whiterock Chazy
Middle Ordovician Darriwilian Llanvirn Llandeilo Middle Ordovician Darriwiliane Middle Ordovician Darriwilian
Abereiddy Not defined
Dapingian Arenig Fenn Early Ordovician Yapeen Dapingian
Whitland Ranger Castlemaine
Ibex Black Hills Chewton
Bendigo
Lower Ordovician Floian Moridun Tule Lancefield Lower Ordovician Floian
Tremadocian Tremadoc Migneint Stairs Tremadocian
Cressage Skullrock

Canary Islands - Holocene Bar Chart

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tooltip 1
tooltip 2
tooltip 3
10
20
30
40
50
60
Before
During
After
Post mortem
  •   Apple
  •   Banana
  •   Orange
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10,000–8,001
8,000–6,001
6,000–4,001
4,000–2,001
2,000–551
550–0
  •   Tenerife
  •   La Palma

Tenerife and La Palma comparison

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During the last 10,000 years, Tenerife and La Palma have been the two most volcanically active Canary islands. The bar chart compares the number of volcanic eruptions (vertical y-axis) at different stages during this time span (horizontal x-axis).[15]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10,000–8,001
8,000–6,001
6,000–4,001
4,000–2,001
2,000–551
550–0
  •   Tenerife
  •   La Palma

Geology of the Canary Islands - Image Gallery

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  • Hydrothermally-altered mid-Miocene volcanic rocks at Fuente de los Azulejos (near Tasarte), Gran Canaria
    Hydrothermally-altered mid-Miocene volcanic rocks at Fuente de los Azulejos (near Tasarte), Gran Canaria
  • Pliocene fossiliferous volcaniclastic sediments and hyaloclastic tuffs at Playa del Confital in Las Palmas on Gran Canaria
    Pliocene fossiliferous volcaniclastic sediments and hyaloclastic tuffs at Playa del Confital in Las Palmas on Gran Canaria
  • Montaña Lobos, a Middle Pleistocene volcanic cone on Alegranza, Chinijo Archipelago
    Montaña Lobos, a Middle Pleistocene volcanic cone on Alegranza, Chinijo Archipelago
  • Fossilised shells, Fuerteventura
    Fossilised shells, Fuerteventura
  • Pillow lava in Barranco Angustias, La Palma
    Pillow lava in Barranco Angustias, La Palma
  • Las Cañadas caldera, Tenerife
    Las Cañadas caldera, Tenerife
  • Las Cañadas caldera (backgound), the floor of which is partially covered by some lava flows. In the foreground is a lava flow on the southern flank of the Pico de Teide volcanic cone.
    Las Cañadas caldera (backgound), the floor of which is partially covered by some lava flows. In the foreground is a lava flow on the southern flank of the Pico de Teide volcanic cone.
  • Las Cañadas caldera, Tenerife
    Las Cañadas caldera, Tenerife
  • Pleistocene tuff at Paisaje lunar de Granadilla, near Vilaflor, Tenerife
    Pleistocene tuff at Paisaje lunar de Granadilla, near Vilaflor, Tenerife
  • Cinders of the cone of Caldera de los Cuervos on Lanzarote, with camera lens cap (77 mm across) for scale
    Cinders of the cone of Caldera de los Cuervos on Lanzarote, with camera lens cap (77 mm across) for scale
  • Dyke intruding into Middle Pleistocene basaltic tuff at Mirador de Los Andenes on the north rim of Caldera de Taburiente on La Palma
    Dyke intruding into Middle Pleistocene basaltic tuff at Mirador de Los Andenes on the north rim of Caldera de Taburiente on La Palma
  • Volcanic cones and pahoehoe lava at La Restinga on El Hierro
    Volcanic cones and pahoehoe lava at La Restinga on El Hierro
  • Tephra layers at La Tarta on Tenerife
    Tephra layers at La Tarta on Tenerife
  • Montaña Bilma (right), with black lava flows of 1909 eruption of Chinyero (off to the left) in the northwest rift zone of Tenerife
    Montaña Bilma (right), with black lava flows of 1909 eruption of Chinyero (off to the left) in the northwest rift zone of Tenerife
  • Layers of lava flows and pyroclastic rocks of Pliocene age cut by vertical dykes at Roque de Taborno in the Anaga Massif on Tenerife
    Layers of lava flows and pyroclastic rocks of Pliocene age cut by vertical dykes at Roque de Taborno in the Anaga Massif on Tenerife
  • Lava delta on which the town of Garachico was rebuilt after a northwest rift zone volcanic eruption in 1706 on Tenerife filled the bay and partially destroyed the old town
    Lava delta on which the town of Garachico was rebuilt after a northwest rift zone volcanic eruption in 1706 on Tenerife filled the bay and partially destroyed the old town

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  1. ^ https://www.gemdat.org/gem-10860.html
  2. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=yYu9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA607&lpg=PA607&dq=moldavite+mohs+hardness&source=bl&ots=aAYjprWB3m&sig=BGbEMkqm-ZKpsYOjOv294MGb5BY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAy7HeguLXAhWFD8AKHe6XDFs4ChDoAQhWMAw#v=onepage&q=moldavite%20mohs%20hardness&f=false
  3. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=b-7fBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&lpg=PA319&dq=moldavite+hardness&source=bl&ots=qoxtzWZiXu&sig=uBbkyiK8WYrH2SlS0mW9tOD-9hQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLq-ammuLXAhWjLMAKHbXBB2MQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=gemmology%20read%20moldavite%20hardness&f=false
  4. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=V9PqVxpxeiEC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=moldavite+mohs+hardness&source=bl&ots=H_L3QJAqPH&sig=6GhocLRP86RNtoYbMiCipmJ6ky4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-x5DKhuLXAhXsJ8AKHXhiDKk4ChDoAQg5MAY#v=onepage&q=moldavite%20mohs%20hardness&f=false
  5. ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016703764900328
  6. ^ https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=moldavite+hardness&btnG=
  7. ^ https://australianmuseum.net.au/tektites
  8. ^ La Palma - Eruption history ; Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, retrieved 08 Nov 2023; https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=383010
  9. ^ Hierro - Eruption history ; Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, retrieved 08 Nov 2023; https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=383020
  10. ^ Tanguy, J-C. and Scarth, A. (2001) "Volcanoes of Europe", Harpenden, Terra Publishing, ISBN 1-903544-03-3, page 101
  11. ^ Tenerife - Eruption history ; Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, retrieved 08 Nov 2023; https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=383030
  12. ^ Gran Canaria - Eruption history ; Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, retrieved 08 Nov 2023; https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=383040
  13. ^ Fuerteventura - Eruption history ; Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, retrieved 08 Nov 2023; https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=383050
  14. ^ Lanzarote - Eruption history ; Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, retrieved 08 Nov 2023; https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=383060
  15. ^ Spain Volcanoes – Holocene Eruptions, Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, retrieved 13 July 2024; https://volcano.si.edu/volcanolist_countries.cfm?country=Spain
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