User:HistoryofIran/House of Karen
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Medieval illustration of Mahmud and his court | |||||
Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire | |||||
Reign |
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Predecessor | Ismail of Ghazni | ||||
Successor | Muhammad of Ghazni | ||||
Born | 2 November 971 Ghazni, Zabulistan, Samanid Empire | ||||
Died | 30 April 1030 Ghazni, Zabulistan, Ghaznavid Empire | (aged 58)||||
Burial | Ghazni | ||||
Issue |
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Persian | یمینالدوله ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین | ||||
Dynasty | Ghaznavid | ||||
Father | Sabuktigin | ||||
Religion |
Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غزنوی; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030) was the first independent ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty, ruling from 998 to 1030. At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into a extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern Iran proper to the Punjab in the Indian subcontinent, Khwarazm in Transoxiana, and Makran.
Highly Persianized,[1] Mahmud continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the Samanids, which proved to establish the groundwork for a Persianate state in northern India.[2] His capital of Ghazni evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center in the Islamic world, almost rivaling the important city of Baghdad. The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as al-Biruni and Ferdowsi.[2]
He was the first ruler to hold the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at the same time preserving an ideological link to the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate. During his rule, he invaded and plundered parts of the Indian subcontinent (east of the Indus River) seventeen times.[3][4]
Background
[edit]Mahmud was born in the town of Ghazni in the region of Zabulistan (now present-day Afghanistan) on 2 November 971. His father, Sabuktigin, was a Turkic slave commander (ghilman) who laid foundations to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Ghazni in 977, which he ruled as a subordinate of the Samanids, who ruled Khorasan and Transoxiana. Mahmud's mother was the daughter of a Iranian aristocrat from Zabulistan,[5][6] and is therefore known in some sources as Mahmud-i Zavuli ("Mahmud from Zabulistan").[6] Not much about Mahmud's early life is known, he was school-fellow of Ahmad Maymandi, a Persian native of Zabulistan and foster brother of his.[7]
Rise
[edit]Sabuktigin died in 997, and was succeeded by his son Ismail as the ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty. The reason behind Sabuktigin's choice to appoint Ismail as heir over the more experienced and older Mahmud is uncertain. It may due to Ismail's mother being the daughter of Sabuktigin's old master, Alptigin.[6] Mahmud shortly revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abu'l-Muzaffar, the governor of Bust, he defeated Ismail the following year at the battle of Ghazni and gained control over the Ghaznavid kingdom.[8] He then appointed Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini as his vizier.[9]
Reign
[edit]Legacy
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Grousset 1970, p. 146.
- ^ a b Meri 2005, p. 294.
- ^ Heathcote 1995, p. 6.
- ^ Anjum 2007, p. 234.
- ^ Bosworth 1991, p. 65.
- ^ a b c Bosworth 2012.
- ^ Nazim & Bosworth 1991, p. 915.
- ^ Nazim & Bosworth 1991, p. 65.
- ^ Bosworth 1983, pp. 303–304.
Sources
[edit]- Bosworth, C.E. (1991). "Mahmud bin Sebuktigin". Encyclopedia of Islam. VI. E.J.Brill.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1975). "The early Ghaznavids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–198. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Yusofi, G. H. (1984). "Aḥmad Maymandī". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6. pp. 650–652.
- Houtsma, M. Th (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. Brill. pp. 1–299. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1985). "ʿAlī b. ʿObaydallāh Ṣādeq". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. London et al. p. 853.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001). "Ghaznavids". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. London et al. pp. 578–583.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bosworth, C. Edmund (2011). The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650-1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–169. ISBN 978-1-84885-353-9.
- Richards, D.S. (2014). The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh of Ibn al-Athir. Routledge. pp. 1–320. ISBN 978-1-317-83254-6.
- Nazim, M.; Bosworth, C. Edmund (1991). "The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107–108". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VI. Brill. pp. 1–1044. ISBN 90-04-08112-7.
- Nashat, Guity; Beck, Lois (2003). Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–253. ISBN 978-0-252-07121-8.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1984). "Āl-e Maʾmūn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 762–764. Archived from the original on 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Sāmānids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–161. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (2010). "ʿAbd-al-Razzāq b. Aḥmad b. Ḥasan Maymandi". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 2. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 157–158.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (2012). "Maḥmud b. Sebüktegin". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1998). "The Ghaznavids". History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the 15th-century. UNESCO. pp. 103–122. ISBN 9789231032110.
- Yusofi, G. H. (1983). "Abū Sahl Ḥamdowī". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 4. pp. 369–370.
- Sharma, Sunil (2000). Persian Poetry at the Indian Frontier: Masʻŝud Saʻd Salmân of Lahore. Orient Blackswan. pp. 1–208. ISBN 8178240092.
- Pollock, Sheldon (2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. pp. 1–1066. ISBN 0520228219.
- Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. pp. 1–687. ISBN 9780813513041.
- Meri, Josef W. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 1–1088. ISBN 9781135455965.
- Heathcote, T.A. (1995). The Military in British India: The Development of British Forces in South Asia:1600-1947. Manchester University Press.
- Anjum, Tanvir (Summer 2007). "The Emergence of Muslim Rule in India: Some Historical Disconnects and Missing Links". Islamic Studies. 46 (2).
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "Abu'l-Ḥasan Esfarāʾīnī". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. London et al. pp. 303–304.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)