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test^[a]

Experimental determination

In 2017, the most accurate measures of the Boltzmann constant were obtained by determining the speed of sound of a monatomic gas in a triaxial ellipsoid chamber using microwave and acoustic resonances ^[1]^[2]. This decade-long effort was undertaken by several laboratories with different techniques as one of the founding stones for the 2018 redefinition of the International System of Units. Based on these measurements,^[3] the CODATA recommended 1.380 649 × 10⁻²³ J⋅K⁻¹ to be the final fixed value of the Boltzmann constant to be used for the International System of Units.

^ Pitre, L; Sparasci, F; Risegari, L; Guianvarc’h, C; Martin, C; Himbert, M E; Plimmer, M D; Allard, A; Marty, B; Giuliano Albo, P A; Gao, B; Moldover, M R; Mehl, J B (1 December 2017). "New measurement of the Boltzmann constant by acoustic thermometry of helium-4 gas". Metrologia. 54 (6): 856–873. doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa7bf5.
^ de Podesta, Michael; Mark, Darren F; Dymock, Ross C; Underwood, Robin; Bacquart, Thomas; Sutton, Gavin; Davidson, Stuart; Machin, Graham (1 October 2017). "Re-estimation of argon isotope ratios leading to a revised estimate of the Boltzmann constant". Metrologia. 54 (5): 683–692. doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa7880.
^ Newell, D. B.; Cabiati, F.; Fischer, J.; Fujii, K.; Karshenboim, S. G.; Margolis, H. S.; Mirandés, E. de; Mohr, P. J.; Nez, F. (2018). "The CODATA 2017 values of h , e , k , and N A for the revision of the SI". Metrologia. 55 (1): L13. doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa950a. ISSN 0026-1394.

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[2] Pitre, L; Sparasci, F; Risegari, L; Guianvarc’h, C; Martin, C; Himbert, M E; Plimmer, M D; Allard, A; Marty, B; Giuliano Albo, P A; Gao, B; Moldover, M R; Mehl, J B (1 December 2017). "New measurement of the Boltzmann constant by acoustic thermometry of helium-4 gas". Metrologia. 54 (6): 856–873. doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa7bf5.

[3] Podesta, Michael; Mark, Darren F; Dymock, Ross C; Underwood, Robin; Bacquart, Thomas; Sutton, Gavin; Davidson, Stuart; Machin, Graham (1 October 2017). "Re-estimation of argon isotope ratios leading to a revised estimate of the Boltzmann constant". Metrologia. 54 (5): 683–692. doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa7880.

[4] Newell, D. B.; Cabiati, F.; Fischer, J.; Fujii, K.; Karshenboim, S. G.; Margolis, H. S.; Mirandés, E. de; Mohr, P. J.; Nez, F. (2018). "The CODATA 2017 values of h , e , k , and N A for the revision of the SI". Metrologia. 55 (1): L13. doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa950a. ISSN 0026-1394.

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