User:IanRRoss/sandbox

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Education and health[edit]

Main article: Education in Rwanda
Photograph depicting 18 female school children with white and grey uniforms, and a male teacher with orange shirt and hat, with white tiled sink and surfaces and windows in background
Pupils at a Rwandan secondary school

According to the Rwandan Ministry of Education, the Rwandan government provides free education in state-run schools for nine years: six years in primary and three years following a common secondary programme.[1] President Kagame announced during his 2010 re-election campaign that he plans to extend this free education to cover the final three secondary years.[2] However, despite the Rwandan government's claim of offering free education, most public schools charge fees for attendance. Because of this, as well as the necessity of purchasing uniforms and books, many poorer children fail to attend school[3] and it is common to see children in their early teens still working their way through primary (elementary) school. There are many private schools across the country, some church-run, which follow the same syllabus but charge higher fees.[3] A very small number offer international qualifications. From 1994 until 2009, secondary education was offered in either French or English; due to the country's increasing ties with the East African Community and the Commonwealth, only the English syllabi are now offered.[4] The country has a number of institutions of tertiary education, with the National University of Rwanda (UNR), Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), and Kigali Institute of Education (KIE) being the most prominent.[3] In 2009, the gross enrolment ratio for tertiary education in Rwanda was 5%.[5] The country's literacy rate, defined as those aged 15 or over who can read and write, was 71% in 2009, up from 38% in 1978 and 58% in 1991.[6]

Photograph depicting a hospital building, with Rwandan flag, viewed from the entrance pathway
A hospital at Butaro, Northern Province

The quality of healthcare is generally low, with one in five children dying before their fifth birthday, often from malaria.[7] There is a shortage of qualified medical professionals in the country, and some medicines are in short supply or unavailable.[8] 87% have access to healthcare but there are only two doctors and two paramedics per 100,000 people.[9] The government is seeking to improve the situation as part of the Vision 2020 development programme. In 2008, the government spent 9.7% of national expenditure on healthcare, compared with 3.2% in 1996.[8] It also set up training institutes including the Kigali Health Institute (KHI) and started a social service scheme. Prevalence of some diseases is declining, including the elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus[10] and a sharp reduction in malaria morbidity, mortality rate, and specific lethality,[11] but Rwanda's health profile remains dominated by communicable diseases.[10] HIV/AIDS seroprevalence in the country is classified by the World Health Organization as a generalized epidemic; an estimated 7.3% of urban dwellers and 2.2% of rural dwellers, aged between 15 and 49, are HIV positive.[11]


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  1. ^ MINEDUC 2010, p. 2.
  2. ^ Musoni 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Briggs & Booth 2006, p. 27.
  4. ^ McGreal 2009.
  5. ^ World Bank (III).
  6. ^ World Bank (I).
  7. ^ Bowdler 2010.
  8. ^ a b WHO 2009, p. 10.
  9. ^ UNDP (I) 2007, p. 7.
  10. ^ a b WHO 2009, p. 4.
  11. ^ a b WHO 2009, p. 5.
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