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Areas

[edit]
Smart[1] Michaels
(overall)
[2]
Michaels
(detailed)
[2]
Muesse[3] Flood[4]
Indus Valley Civilisation and Vedic period
(ca. 3300-1000 BCE)
Prevedic religions
(until ca. 1750 BCE)[5]
Prevedic religions
(until ca. 1750 BCE)[5]
Indus Valley Civilization
(3300–1400 BCE)
Indus Valley Civilisation
(ca. 2500 to 1500 BCE)
Vedic religion
(ca. 1750-500 BCE)
Early Vedic Period
(ca. 1750-1200 BCE)
Vedic Period
(1600–800 BCE)
Vedic period
(ca. 1500-500 BCE)
Middle Vedic Period
(from 1200 BCE)
Pre-classical period
(ca. 1000 BCE - 100 CE)
Late Vedic period
(from 850 BCE)
Classical Period
(800–200 BCE)
Ascetic reformism
(ca. 500-200 BCE)
Ascetic reformism
(ca. 500-200 BCE)
Epic and Puranic period
(ca. 500 BCE to 500 CE)
Classical Hinduism
(ca. 200 BCE-1100 CE)[6]
Preclassical Hinduism
(ca. 200 BCE-300 CE)[7]
Epic and Puranic period
(200 BCE–500 CE)
Classical period
(ca. 100 CE - 1000 CE)
"Golden Age" (Gupta Empire)
(ca. 320-650 CE)[8]
Late-Classical Hinduism
(ca. 650-1100 CE)[9]
Medieval and Late Puranic Period
(500–1500 CE)
Medieval and Late Puranic Period
(500–1500 CE)
Hindu-Islamic civilisation
(ca. 1000-1750 CE)
Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism"
(ca. 1100-1850 CE)[10]
Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism"
(ca. 1100-1850 CE)[10]
Modern Age
(1500–present)
Modern period
(ca. 1500 CE to present)
Modern period
(ca. 1750 CE - present)
Modern Hinduism
(from ca. 1850)[11]
Modern Hinduism
(from ca. 1850)[11]

Hinduism

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Test.[note 1]

Notes

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  1. ^ There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages,[12] but it refers to "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."[web 1]

References

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  1. ^ Smart 2003, p. 52-53.
  2. ^ a b Michaels 2004.
  3. ^ Muesse 2011.
  4. ^ Flood, 1996 & 21-22.
  5. ^ a b Michaels 2004, p. 32.
  6. ^ Michaels 2004, p. 38.
  7. ^ Michaels 2004, p. 39.
  8. ^ Michaels 2004, p. 40.
  9. ^ Michaels 2004, p. 41.
  10. ^ a b Michaels 2004, p. 43.
  11. ^ a b Michaels 2004, p. 45.
  12. ^ See:
    • Ludo Rocher (2003), The Dharmasastra, Chapter 4, in Gavin Flood (Editor), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, ISBN 978-0631215356.
    • Alban G. Widgery, "The Principles of Hindu Ethics", International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Jan. 1930), pp. 232–245.

Sources

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Printed sources
  • Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
  • Khanna, Meenakshi (2007), Cultural History Of Medieval India, Berghahn Books
  • Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge
  • Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
  • Misra, Amalendu (2004), Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India, SAGE
  • Muesse, Mark William (2003), Great World Religions: Hinduism
  • Muesse, Mark W. (2011), The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction, Fortress Press
  • Smart, Ninian (2003), Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions), Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok
Web-sources
  1. ^ "Dharma", The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.