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User:Kkassam/sandbox/Derived stem

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Stem Thematic Role Proto-Semitic

(Reconstructed)

East Semitic Northwest Semitic Arabic South Semitic
Akkadian Biblical Hebrew Syriac Standard Arabic Geʿez Jibbali
G base *CaCVCa *yVCCVCu iCaC:VC iCCVC CāCVC yiCCVC CCVC niCCVC CaCVCa yaCCVCu CaCVCa yəCCVC CVCVC yVCCVC
tG refl. of G *tCVCVCa *yitCVCVCu iCtaC:iC iCtaCiC - - ʔitCCiC nitCCiC iCtaCaCa yaCtaCiCu taCaCCa yətCaCaC əCteˈCeC yəCˈtɔCuC
D mult./trans. *CaC:aCa *yuCaC:iCu uCaC:aC uCaC:iC CiC:ēC yCaC:ēC CaC:iC nCaC:iC CaC:aCa yuCaC:iCu CaC:aCa yəCaC:əC - -
tD refl. of D *tCaC:VCa *yitCaC:VCu uCtaC:aC uCtaC:iC hitCaC:ēC yitCaC:ēC ʔitCaC:aC nitCaC:aC taCaC:aCa yataCaC:aCu - - - -
L assoc./intens. - - - - - - - - CāCaCa yuCāCiCu CāCaCa yəCāCəC eˈCoCəC yˈCɔCəCC
tL refl. of L - - - - - - - - taCāCaCa yataCāCaCu - - - -
Š causative *šaCCaCa *yušaCCiCu ušaCCaC ušaCCiC hiCCīC yaCCīC ʔaCCiC naCCiC ʾaCCaCa yuCCiCa ʔaCCaCa yāCCəC eCˈCeC ˈyɛCəCC
Št refl. of Š *štaCCVCa *yštaCCVCu uštaCCaC uštaCCiC - - ʔit:aCCaC nit:aCCaC istaCCaCa yastaCCiCu ʔastaCCaCa yāstaCCəC ŝəCˈCeC yˈŝɛCCəC
ŠtG caus. of tG *šatCVCVCa *yVšatCVCVCa uštaCaC:aC uštaCCiC - - - - - - - - ŝəˈCeCəC yəŝˈCɛCɛC
N recip./pass. of G *nCaCVCa *yVnCaCiCu inCaC:iC inCaCiC niCCaC yiC:āCēC - - inCaCaCa yanCaCiCu - - - -

Suffix Tenses:

Stem Thematic-Syntactic Property Proto-Semitic

(Reconstructed)

East Semitic Northwest Semitic Arabic South Semitic
Akkadian Bibl. Hebrew Syriac Std. Arabic Geʿez Jibbali
G base *CaCVCa iCaC:VC CaCVC CCVC CaCVCa CaCVCa CVCVC
tG reflexive/mediopassive of G *tCVCVCa iCtaC:iC - ʔitCCiC iCtaCaCa taCaCCa əCteˈCeC
D multiplicative/transitivizing of G *CaC:aCa uCaC:aC CiC:ēC CaC:iC CaC:aCa CaC:aCa -
tD reflexive of D *tCaC:VCa uCtaC:aC hitCaC:ēC ʔitCaC:aC taCaC:aCa - -
L associative/intensive/causative - - - - CāCaCa CāCaCa eˈCoCəC
tL reflexive/mediopassive of L - - - - taCāCaCa - -
Š causative *šaCCaCa ušaCCaC hiCCīC ʔaCCiC ʔaCCaCa ʔaCCaCa eCˈCeC
Št reflexive/mediopassive of Š *štaCCVCa uštaCCaC - ʔit:aCCaC istaCCaCa ʔastaCCaCa ŝəCˈCeC
ŠtG causative of tG *šatCVCVCa uštaCaC:aC - - - - ŝəˈCeCəC
N reciprocal/passive of G *nCaCVCa inCaC:iC niCCaC - inCaCaCa - -

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Each stem has a different characterized by a different morphological template, comprised of a syllable shape, vowel melody, and affixes.

which is composed of a particular syllable structure

The thematic-syntactic properties of the configurations are relational rather than absolute, such that the property assigned by a configuration is largely contingent upon the base of the derived verb (Berman 1978; Horvath 1981; Doron 2003; Laks 2007). For example, the Hebrew configuration hitCaCeC assigns deaccusative in [hirˈgiz] ‘to make someone angry’ → [hitraˈgez] ‘to become angry’, but reciprocal in [xiˈbek] ‘to hug’ → [hitxaˈbek] ‘to hug each other’. Moreover, [hitˀaˈlel] ‘to torture’ is neither deaccusative nor reflexive, as it is not derived from another verb. Similarly in Arabic, ˀaCCaC assigns causative in [ˈʥalas] ‘to sit down’ → [ˈˀaʥlas] ‘to bid one to sit down’, but [ˈˀarsal] ‘to send’ is not causative, since it does not have a base verb (Wright 1962). Verbs sharing a configuration may also share a semantic property, as is the case with Arabic (t)CajCaC verbs. Watson (2006: 192) reports that in most dialects these verbs refer to “physical state with pejorative overtones of pretence,” but in Sanˈani Arabic they denote “harmless childish naughtiness.”

The grammatical function of the configuration is apparent in various Semitic languages, but not in all. In Modern Aramaic, which has only two verb classes (as opposed to five in Hebrew, 11 in Maltese, and 14 in Standard Arabic), the configurations have only structural properties, to the extent that there are hardly any related verbs from the two classes (Hoberman 1992).

Typically, one stem is associated with the ordinary simple active verbs while others may be canonically associated with other grammatical functions such as the passive, the causative, the intensive, the reflexive, etc., or combinations thereof. These functions should not be taken as universal or absolute, but are better understood as relational, depending on the particular source of the derived stem.[1] These grammatical functions are also not present in all Semitic languages, Modern Aramaic, for example has only two stems, one for monosyllabic verbs and the other for disyllabic verbs, with hardly any cases of related verbs in each stem.[1][2]

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For example, in Arabic and Hebrew, words containing the root √k-t-b have a meaning related to writing (In Hebrew, a process known begadkefat, alters the quality of certain consonants when they follow a vowel, so b becomes v and k becomes ḵ (pronounced [[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]]; the symbol ː indicates the preceding consonant is doubled or geminate). Thus:

  • In the basic stem, "he wrote" in Arabic is "kataba", and in Hebrew is "katav".
  • In a causative stem, "he dictated" in Arabic is "ʔaktaba" and in Hebrew is "hiḵtīv".
  • In the passive stem, "it was written" in Arabic is "inkataba" and in Hebrew is "niḵtav".
  • In a reflexive stem, "he corresponded" in Arabic is "kātaba" and in Hebrew is "hu hitkatːēv".

The following two tables show the full paradigm of templates for the 9 most common Arabic stems and the 7 most common Hebrew stems, and illustrate some of the different meanings and functions that stems can have.

The first column gives the traditional stem abbreviation used by Comparative Semiticists and the second column gives typical stem names used in Arabic and Hebrew grammars; the Arabic system uses Roman numerals, and the Hebrew uses binyanim forms with the root letters √p-ʕ-l (with p sometimes becoming f by begadkefat). The next columns give the canonical functions of each stem, and their templates (the 3 Cs stand in for the 3 Consonants of the root, and V stands for a Vowel which can vary). Finally, the meaning and form of the stems with the √k-t-b root is given in the 3rd person masculine singular perfect, which lacks inflectional affixes.[1]

Standard Arabic[3]
Stem Form Grammatical Function Template Meaning √k-t-b
G I base CaCVCa he wrote KaTaBa
Gt VIII reflexive of G iCtaCaCa he copied iKtaTaBa
D II multiplicative, transitivizing CaCːaCa he made to write KaTːaBa
tD V reflexive of D taCaCːaCa - -
L III associative CāCaCa he corresponded KāTaBa
tL VI reflexive of L taCāCaCa he exchanged letters taKāTaBa
Š IV causative ʔaCCaCa he dictated ʔaKTaBa
Št X reflexive of Š istaCCaCa he asked to write istaKTaBa
N VII passive, reflexive of G inCaCaCa he subscribed inKaTaBa
Biblical Hebrew[4]
Stem Binyan Grammatical Function Template Meaning √k-t-b
G paʕal base CaCVC he wrote KaTaV
D piʕel transitivizing, intensive CiCːēC he addressed[5] KiTːēV
Du puʕal passive of D CuCːaC he was addressed KuTːaV
tD hitpaʕel reflexive of D hitCaCːēC he corresponded hitKaTːēV
Š hifʕil  causative hiCCīC he dictated hiḴTīV
Šu hufʕal passive of Š huCCaC it was dictated huḴTaV
N nifʕal passive/reflexive of G niCCaC it was written niḴTaV

In each Semitic language, the number of derived stems is different. In Hebrew there are seven common ones,[6] and in Arabic there are nine common forms and at least six rare ones[7]; Akkadian has thirteen common patterns, Ugaritic has ten, Syriac has six, Modern Aramaic has two[2][1], and so on.

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add Bennett Refs to Arabic & Hebrew tables

number of stems

Stems - Comparative Semitic

3ms

a * marks reconstructed/hypothetical form

Suffix & Prefix

Accents?

Akkadian St (passive of S)

bold - consonantal reflex + geminates

colon geminate

Nouns derived from nouns, not consonantal roots?

Double check Syriac, Ge'ez.

  1. ^ a b c d Bat-El, Outi. "Semitic Templates." The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. van Oostendorp, Marc, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume and Keren Rice (eds). Blackwell Publishing, 2011. Blackwell Reference Online.
  2. ^ a b Hoberman, Robert D. Formal properties of the conjugations in modern Aramaic. pp. 49–64. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2516-1_5.
  3. ^ Wehr, Hans (1979). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: (Arab.-Engl.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447020022.
  4. ^ Ussishkin, Adam P. (2000). The Emergence of Fixed Prosody (PDF) (Ph.D.). UC Santa Cruz.
  5. ^ "Check out the translation for 'כִּתֵּב' on Morfix Dictionary". www.morfix.co.il. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
  6. ^ Rubin, Aaron D. (2008-03-01). "The Paradigm Root in Hebrew". Journal of Semitic Studies. 53 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1093/jss/fgm043. ISSN 0022-4480.
  7. ^ Wright, W. (1896). A grammar of the Arabic language: translated from the German of Caspari, and edited with numerous additions and corrections (PDF). Cambridge.
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